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Constitutional law — Charter of Rights — Cruel and unusual treatment or punishment — Sentencing

(0:00:08) Reasons for Judgment: Martin J. (Wagner C.J. and Moldaver, Brown, Rowe and Kasirer JJ. concurring)
(0:00:17) I. Introduction – 1
(0:05:07) II. Legislative Background – 8
(0:14:01) III. Judicial and Legislative History – 20
(0:14:04) A. R. v. Hilbach, Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench – 20
(0:17:23) B. R. v. Zwozdesky, Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench – 23
(0:20:03) C. Alberta Court of Appeal – 26
(0:23:05) D. Legislative Amendments – 31
(0:23:49) IV. Issue – 32
(0:24:02) V. Analysis - 33
(0:24:23) A. The Test for an Infringement of Section 12 – 34
(0:24:26) (1) The Framework – 34
(0:27:58) (2) Mandatory Minimum Sentences and Indigenous Offenders – 39
(0:32:30) B. Application – 47
(0:32:59) (1) Application to Mr. Hilbach's Case – 48
(0:57:56) (2) Application in Mr. Zwozdesky's Case – 83
(1:22:03) C. Conclusion – 110
(1:23:08) Concurring Reasons: Côté J.

(1:24:09) Joint Dissenting Reasons: Karakatsanis and Jamal JJ.
(1:24:14) Preamble – 114
(1:26:47) I. Background – 120
(1:26:49) A. Ocean William Storm Hilbach – 120
(1:28:17) B. Curtis Zwodzdesky – 123
(1:30:00) II. Analysis – 127
(1:33:22) A. Section 334(1)(a)(i) of the Criminal Code – 135
(1:40:55) B. Section 344(1)(a.1) of the Criminal Code – 147
(1:50:20) C. Section 1 – 164
(1:50:33) III. Disposition – 165