This episode follows the journey of an HIV protease inhibitor as a real-world example, tying together key drug discovery steps. We'll use this case study to illustrate target validation, design, and lead optimization, providing detailed literature references. The episode will also include a parallel failed drug in the same area, contrasting what worked versus what didn't. This episode provides a compelling narrative of scientific ingenuity and perseverance in the face of formidable challenges.

We'll explore the specific modifications made to the successful drug, Saquinavir, highlighting how scientists optimized its properties for potency, selectivity, and bioavailability. We'll also examine the challenges researchers faced, including drug resistance and the complex interplay between the drug and the human body. The episode will conclude with a discussion of the future of HIV treatment and prevention, exploring new approaches like long-acting injectables, gene editing, and preventative measures like PrEP and vaccines.