The Peter Attia Drive

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In this episode, Peter sits down with Dr. Kathryn (Katie) Gray, a physician-scientist, high-risk obstetrician, and maternal-fetal medicine specialist at the University of Washington School of Medicine. Katie begins by explaining the remarkable physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy and how the cardiovascular, metabolic, and hormonal systems adapt to support both mother and developing fetus. From there, the conversation turns to some of the most important complications that can arise. Katie explains how gestational diabetes is screened for and treated, and what a diagnosis may mean for the long-term health of both mother and child. She then walks through the biology of preeclampsia, including who is at risk and how the condition is managed. She also discusses HELLP syndrome and postpartum depression. Peter and Katie explore the realities of labor and delivery, including breech presentation, the role of midwives, and the trade-offs between vaginal and cesarean delivery. The conversation also covers stillbirth and the growing role of cell-free DNA in prenatal genetic screening. Other topics include prenatal nutrition and folate, breastfeeding, and exercise during pregnancy. Throughout the episode, Peter and Katie return to a larger question: What can pregnancy reveal about a woman's long-term health? They discuss how complications during pregnancy can provide important clues about future health risks. Finally, Katie highlights some of the major questions that remain unanswered in maternal health and why greater investment in research is needed to improve outcomes for mothers and their children.

Disclaimer: The views expressed on this podcast are solely those of Dr. Kathryn Gray and do not represent the University of Washington or any of its affiliated units. Dr. Gray speaks solely in a personal capacity, and nothing here should be construed as an official position or endorsement from the University of Washington.

We discuss:

• What drew Katie to obstetrics and gynecology, and fundamental questions in the field that remain unanswered [3:15];
• Pregnancy as a cardiovascular and metabolic stress test; the first symptoms and early changes [6:30];
• Early hormonal changes, prenatal nutrition, and neural tube defects [16:00];
• Fetal development and the physiology of gestational diabetes [23:45];
• Diagnosing and treating gestational diabetes [30:00];
• Preeclampsia: diagnosis, biology, acute risk, and how it's managed [37:00];
• HELLP syndrome, what genetic studies reveal about preeclampsia, and the antihypertensive medications used to treat it [49:00];
• What pregnancy reveals about long-term cardiometabolic health [54:45];
• Cesarean delivery, breech presentation, and stillbirth [1:01:15];
• The onset of labor, cervical dilation, and membrane rupture [1:14:15];
• Vaginal delivery and breastfeeding: benefits versus myths [1:23:15];
• Exercise during pregnancy, sleep position in the third trimester, and postpartum depression [1:27:00];
• Prenatal genetic screening: the growing role of cell-free DNA and the gap between what is technologically possible and what gets deployed in the clinic [1:33:00];
• Midwifery and the realities of childbirth [1:39:00];
• Maternal health in the United States and the need for research investment [1:48:30]; and
• More.

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Lloyd B. Klickstein is a physician-scientist who has spent more than 20 years at the intersection of drug discovery, healthy aging, and preventive medicine. Drawing on his experience in academic medicine, translational research, and biotechnology, Lloyd walks through the full arc of modern drug development. He explains how scientists identify an unmet medical need and decide which diseases and therapeutic targets are worth pursuing. From there, he takes us through the process of engineering a drug, testing it in animals, and navigating clinical trials and regulatory approval. Using bimagrumab as a case study, Lloyd explains the rationale for targeting myostatin and activin signaling to increase muscle mass and strength and describes how the antibody was engineered and screened. He then walks through what was learned from early clinical trials. Unexpected effects on fat mass and type 2 diabetes helped reshape bimagrumab's development as a potential treatment for obesity, including its use in combination with semaglutide. Along the way, Peter and Lloyd explore the differences among drug modalities, including biologics and small-molecule therapeutics. They discuss the roles of patents and capital allocation in drug development, along with the requirements for IND submission and GMP manufacturing. They also examine why developing a new drug takes so long and costs so much, and why identifying failures early is critical. At the end of the episode, the conversation turns to mTOR inhibition and geroprotection, as well as Lloyd's current work on a novel pharmacologic approach to cancer prevention. This episode provides a rare behind-the-scenes look at how new medicines are actually created and the scientific, regulatory, and economic decisions that determine which ideas ultimately make it to patients.

We discuss:

• Lloyd's path from academic medicine to translational drug development [3:15];
• Drug modalities, patents, and the economics of innovation [11:30];
• Choosing sarcopenia as a target for drug development, and confronting the problem of measuring falls [23:00];
• The rationale for bimagrumab: improving muscle mass and strength by targeting myostatin and activin signaling (and why follistatin failed) [36:45];
• Engineering and screening the bimagrumab antibody, and the cost of developing a new drug [43:45];
• From candidate antibodies to animal proof of concept (impressive muscle hypertrophy) [54:15];
• Toxicology, capital allocation, and the path to an IND [1:02:45];
• IND requirements, GMP manufacturing, and gray market peptides [1:14:45];
• First in-human study design, patient selection, and protection of healthy volunteers [1:22:00];
• Phase 1 dosing, pharmacodynamics, and global trial strategy [1:33:45];
• Phase 2 lessons on muscle mass, function, and nutrition [1:43:30];
• Bimagrumab's effects on fat mass and type 2 diabetes [1:50:45];
• The BELIEVE trial of bimagrumab plus semaglutide [1:59:30];
• Selective mTORC1 inhibition and the challenge of testing geroprotection [2:11:45];
• A new pharmacologic approach to cancer prevention [2:15:45]; and
• More.

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In this "Ask Me Anything" (AMA) episode, Peter takes a deep dive into thyroid health and explains why diagnosing and managing thyroid dysfunction is unusually complex. He begins with the basic biology of the thyroid gland and three commonly measured hormones—free T4, free T3, and TSH. He explains how T4 is converted to the active hormone T3 and the important functions T3 performs throughout the body. He also explains what reverse T3 is and when it may be useful to measure it. Peter then breaks down thyroid blood tests and their limitations and provides a practical framework for evaluating suspected thyroid dysfunction. He explains why symptoms alone are insufficient for diagnosis and reviews the criteria for diagnosing hypothyroidism, along with conditions that can mimic it. He also explores how hypothyroidism can be both underdiagnosed and overtreated and how to navigate subclinical hypothyroidism. Peter discusses treatment with T4 and T3, including why some patients continue to experience symptoms despite standard T4 replacement. He also explains how thyroid medications should be taken to optimize absorption. Additional topics include Hashimoto's disease, thyroid considerations during pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, the risks of excess iodine, and supplements marketed to support thyroid function. Finally, Peter offers guidance for patients who continue to feel unwell despite apparently normal thyroid tests.

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We discuss:

• Why thyroid management is unusually complex and what the thyroid does [2:00];
• Why symptoms are insufficient for diagnosis and the risks of underdiagnosis and overtreatment [9:00];
• Regulation of the thyroid axis and conversion of T4 to T3 [13:30];
• Reverse T3 and the metabolic effects of T3 [20:00];
• Thyroid blood tests, assay limitations, and who should be tested [22:45];
• Causes and mimics of hypothyroidism and the criteria for diagnosis [29:00];
• Navigating subclinical hypothyroidism [34:30];
• Treating hypothyroidism with T4 and T3 [37:00];
• Hashimoto's disease, pregnancy, and associated autoimmune risks [42:45];
• Proper timing and administration of thyroid medication [43:45];
• Causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of hyperthyroidism [45:15];
• Iodine excess, the risks of thyroid-support supplements, and evidence for dietary interventions [53:45];
• A practical framework for evaluating and treating patients who suspect thyroid dysfunction [59:30]; and
• More.

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Michael Davidson is a world-renowned cardiologist, lipidologist, and the founding CEO of NewAmsterdam Pharma. He begins this episode by sharing how his family history shaped his interest in lipidology and primary prevention. He explains why prevention should focus on causal drivers of disease rather than near-term risk and examines the causal relationship between LDL and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Michael then traces the complicated history of CETP inhibitors—from the original rationale that raising HDL would reduce cardiovascular risk to the failures of torcetrapib, dalcetrapib, and evacetrapib—and explains how lessons from these trials ultimately led to the development of obicetrapib. He reviews the phase 2 and phase 3 trials of obicetrapib, its effects on LDL-C, apoB, LDL particle number, and Lp(a), the ongoing cardiovascular outcomes trial, and where the drug could fit alongside statins and other lipid-lowering therapies. Peter and Michael discuss the relationship between statins and diabetes risk, then turn to the potential role of obicetrapib in Alzheimer's disease prevention, exploring the genetics of APOE4 and CETP, cholesterol metabolism within the brain, and emerging biomarker data. Finally, Peter and Michael explore the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids and the challenge of delivering DHA to the brain, as well as ongoing work on klotho in preparation for clinical trials. They discuss the potential for AI to transform clinical trials and the scientific and financial challenges of developing new therapies for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease.

We discuss:

• Michael's path to lipidology, and his passion for primary prevention [3:30];
• Reframing prevention around causal drivers rather than time horizon [9:30];
• What CETP inhibition does, the evolutionary biology of CETP, the HDL-raising rationale, and Pfizer's torcetrapib failure [15:00];
• Why raising HDL is thought to be beneficial, a quick review of the functions of HDL, and how this connects to torcetrapib [24:00];
• The graveyard of CETP inhibitors: Roche's dalcetrapib, Lilly's evacetrapib, and Merck's REVEAL trial [27:15];
• The causality of LDL in cardiovascular disease [34:30];
• Reviving obicetrapib at NewAmsterdam, and confirming the benefit is LDL lowering: the TULIP data, the abandoned statin-intolerance path, and the Mendelian randomization verdict on HDL [37:30];
• Phase 2 and phase 3 trials of obicetrapib—ROSE, BROOKLYN, BROADWAY, and TANDEM—and the PREVAIL outcomes trial, with the European and US approval paths [44:45];
• Discordance among LDL-C, LDL-P, and apoB with CETP inhibition, and obicetrapib's Lp(a)-lowering effect [50:30];
• Where obicetrapib fits in the lipid-lowering toolkit, the case against high-dose statins, and the problem of drug pricing [57:30];
• The case for obicetrapib in Alzheimer's: the APOE4 and CETP genetics, the animal models, and funding Alzheimer's research [1:03:45];
• Brain cholesterol metabolism and the APOE4 mechanism: the blood-brain barrier, astrocyte cholesterol efflux, the amyloid-tau cascade, the role of HDL, and why statins don't cause Alzheimer's disease [1:08:00];
• The biomarker evidence: the CSF pilot study, Alzheimer's as a disease of middle age, the pharma graveyard problem, and the p-tau 217 results from BROADWAY [1:17:45];
• Whether obicetrapib translates into clinical benefit for Alzheimer's disease: the risk of fooling yourself, the persistence of the amyloid dogma, ARIA in APOE4 homozygotes, and the next prevention trial [1:28:00];
• Fish oil, EPA, and DHA: the cardiovascular trials and the challenge of delivering DHA to the brain [1:32:00];
• Two open problems: using AI to reform clinical trials, and the statin–diabetes signal [1:41:15];
• What it takes to develop a drug, the biotech investment landscape, and the klotho program [1:48:15];
• Closing reflections: what to do if you carry APOE4, balancing motivation against over-testing, and the need for multiple therapies [1:55:15]; and
• More.

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In this "Ask Me Anything" (AMA) episode, Peter delves into the critical subject of blood pressure, which is one of the three primary causes of atherosclerosis, along with high apoB and smoking. He begins by unraveling the nature of high blood pressure, its prevalence, and why it often goes undiagnosed. Peter describes in detail the proper way to accurately measure blood pressure and what determines a diagnosis. Next, Peter discusses the actionable steps one can take in response to high blood pressure, shedding light on the extent to which factors like weight loss, exercise, and nutrition can make an impact. He also explores the pharmacological options available and offers valuable insights on how to approach them.

We discuss:

• Blood pressure and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease [2:30];
• Defining blood pressure and the purpose and meaning of a blood pressure measurement [5:45];
• The implications of high blood pressure and the importance of maintaining an optimal level [10:30];
• The importance of accurate measurements of blood pressure and how Peter approaches the care of patients at the very top range of "normal" [21:45];
• The prevalence of high blood pressure—a hidden epidemic? [24:30];
• The consequences of high blood pressure on cardiovascular health, brain health, kidneys, and more [24:45];
• Low blood pressure: symptoms and consequences [35:30];
• How to properly measure blood pressure [37:45];
• Daily variance in blood pressure and the transient changes in blood pressure during exercise [48:00];
• Primary hypertension vs. secondary hypertension: what to look for [51:45];
• Lifestyle factors impacting blood pressure: weight loss, exercise, and sodium [57:45];
• Impact of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes on blood pressure [1:04:45];
• How sleep impacts blood pressure [1:06:45];
• Pharmacologic options for managing blood pressure [1:08:00]; and
• More.

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Brian Grosberg is a world-renowned headache specialist who joins Peter to provide a master class on the diagnosis and treatment of headache disorders. In this episode, Brian explains the distinction between primary and secondary headaches and breaks down the defining features of the "big three" primary headache types (migraine, cluster, and tension headache)—highlighting how often they are misdiagnosed and how they are treated. He explores the epidemiology of headaches, describing migraine as an invisible disease affecting about 12% of the population, disproportionately affecting women, while cluster headaches more often affect men. He discusses the major gap between demand for headache care and available specialists, and he offers advice on when to see a physician. Brian dives into the multifactorial nature and pathophysiology of migraine, including genetic and hormonal influences, neurovascular changes, and inflammatory signaling, and connects these mechanisms to modern therapies. Throughout the conversation, he emphasizes the individualized nature of headache disorders and the importance of a detailed headache diary. Brian shares practical strategies for treating headaches including lifestyle changes, medications, and neuromodulation devices.

We discuss:

• Brian's interest in headaches and how Peter met Brian [2:15];
• Differentiating the types of headaches: primary versus secondary headache and tension versus migraine headache [7:30];
• The epidemiology and burden of migraine, its disproportionate affect on women, and the shortage of headache specialists [20:00];
• Genetic susceptibility to migraine and the role of hormones [24:45];
• Migraine triggers, the impact of hormones, and the importance of a headache diary [31:15];
• The phases of a migraine: premonitory symptoms, aura, the headache itself, and the postdrome [38:15];
• Tension headaches: symptoms, causes, and prevalence [41:45];
• Cluster headaches: extreme pain, distinctive symptoms, and frequent misdiagnosis as a sinus infection or allergies [43:15];
• Lifestyle interventions to prevent headaches [51:15];
• Pharmacological treatments to prevent headaches [1:05:00];
• What's known about the pathophysiology of migraines: neurovascular changes, release of neuropeptides, and inflammatory response [1:14:45];
• CGRP antagonists for the treatment of migraines: large monoclonal antibodies and gepants [1:20:15];
• Use of calcium channel blockers and Botox to treat cluster headache and migraine [1:28:30];
• Drugs for the acute treatment of migraines [1:32:30];
• Treatment of migraines with electrical stimulation devices [1:40:00];
• Use of THC or cannabis to treat headaches [1:44:00];
• What Brian wants people to know about headaches [1:45:45];
• Brian's advice on when to see a doctor about headaches and how to prepare for that visit [1:49:15]; and
• More.

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In this "Ask Me Anything" (AMA) episode, Peter takes a deep dive into the liver and its central role in metabolic health. He explains why the liver can serve as a "canary in the coal mine" for metabolic dysfunction and explores how insulin resistance, visceral fat, alcohol consumption, genetics, and hormones contribute to liver disease, along with how increasing muscle mass can benefit liver health. Peter provides a framework for understanding the progression of liver disease, highlighting which stages are reversible and why early detection matters. He explains why normal liver enzymes can provide false reassurance, which labs he uses to assess liver health, and the tools available for detecting fibrosis and more advanced disease. Peter then breaks down the interventions that can meaningfully improve liver health once risk or disease is identified, ranging from diet and exercise to GLP-1–based therapies and other medications. Finally, he examines popular claims around liver "detoxification" and supplements, separating what is supported by evidence from what is unlikely to meaningfully improve liver health.

If you're not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you'll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you're a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed or our website at the AMA #88 show notes page. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here.

We discuss:

• Why the liver is the "canary in the coal mine" for metabolic dysfunction, and an overview of what the liver does [2:00];
• The relationship between the liver and blood sugar control [6:30];
• A framework for understanding how metabolic disease affects the liver [9:15];
• Chronic caloric surplus and insulin resistance as drivers of liver disease [11:00];
• Liver diseases that result from metabolic dysfunction and the difference between steatosis and fibrosis [15:15];
• How visceral fat affects liver health [20:00];
• The importance of lifestyle interventions for liver and metabolic health: resistance training, not drinking calories, and the impact of fructose [22:00];
• Why alcohol-associated liver disease is more common than we give it credit for [26:30];
• Genetic and hormonal risks for liver disease [31:45];
• Labs that objectively measure liver health and the FIB-4 score [35:30];
• FibroScan: non-invasive imaging of the liver [44:30];
• The resiliency of the liver: an organ that can heal itself [47:00];
• Fibrosis staging and its impact on mortality and cancer risk [49:15];
• Interventions for someone with MASLD: weight loss and GLP-1s [52:00];
• Other medications used to treat metabolic liver disease [57:00];
• The role of exercise in treating metabolic liver disease: caloric deficit and building muscle [59:45];
• The myth of liver detoxes and cleanses, and a few supplements that may benefit the liver [1:01:15];
• A practical summary: how to assess your risk and the levers that reverse the disease [1:08:00]; and
• More.

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In this episode, Peter sits down with Dr. Linus Abrams, a psychiatrist with nearly 35 years of clinical experience specializing in mood disorders and psychopharmacology, to explore how our understanding of mental health is evolving beyond the traditional neurotransmitter model. After decades in practice, Linus began questioning many of the assumptions underlying modern psychiatry, leading him to investigate how hormones, metabolism, inflammation, circadian biology, and the endocrine system shape mood and cognition. Together, Peter and Linus examine why psychiatric care should aim not only to reduce symptoms but also to restore the full human experience. They discuss how psychiatric medications work, where they fall short, and why distinguishing bipolar disorder from unipolar depression is essential for effective treatment. The conversation also explores the growing mental health burden of social isolationn associated with digital devices and social media, along with the biological factors—nutrition, exercise, sleep, and chronic stress—that influence resilience and distress tolerance. Linus explains the powerful roles of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and thyroid hormone in regulating mood and cognition across the lifespan. Finally, Peter and Linus review the promise and limitations of ketamine and psychedelic therapies, and why the future of psychiatry may lie in integrating neuroscience, endocrinology, and whole-body physiology to better understand, diagnose, and treat mental illness.

We discuss:

• Linus's passion for understanding his patients and going beyond traditional psychiatry [2:45];
• A short primer on the different classes of drugs used in psychiatry [12:45];
• Evaluation of a patient with bipolar disorder [26:00];
• An evolutionary perspective on depression [33:30];
• Changes in the modern world triggering mental health problems [41:00];
• An evolutionary perspective on insomnia [48:15];
• Peter's window analogy to understand distress tolerance and irritability [49:45];
• The impact of foundational biological factors on psychiatry: nutrition, exercise, sleep, and endocrinology [52:30];
• The effect of estradiol on neurotransmitters in the brain [58:15];
• Options for increasing testosterone in men, and why clomiphene is inferior to exogenous testosterone [1:11:00];
• The rapid drop in progesterone is linked to both premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and postpartum depression [1:14:30];
• Treatment of postpartum depression [1:18:00];
• Hypothyroidism presenting as depression: how Linus makes the diagnosis and what he uses for treatment [1:26:00];
• The link between hyperarousal and chronically elevated cortisol [1:39:30];
• A case where the menopause transition uncovers bipolar disorder [1:44:15];
• Ketamine as a tool to treat recalcitrant depression, and concerns about its recreational use [1:49:15];
• Case study: an Alzheimer's patient who improved after psilocybin, and why Linus is cautious about drawing conclusions from it [1:55:15];
• Peter's experience with psychedelics, and the myth that estrogen is bad for men [2:00:30];
• The therapeutic potential of psychedelics in psychiatry [2:11:00]; and
• More.

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In this episode, Peter returns to the topic of peptides, offering a clear and accessible guide to a field surrounded by both genuine scientific promise and widespread misinformation. Peptides are increasingly marketed for everything from injury recovery and muscle growth to longevity and improved appearance, often with claims that extend far beyond the available evidence. Rather than promoting or dismissing peptides as a category, Peter presents a practical framework for evaluating any peptide: what it is, how it is supposed to work, and where the science is strong, weak, or simply absent. He then applies this framework to a specific example before examining the risks of gray-market products, concerns about sourcing and quality, and where the field may be headed—ultimately helping listeners distinguish legitimate therapies from hope that has been packaged and sold without sufficient evidence.

We discuss:

• What peptides are and why they must be evaluated individually [3:15];
• A five-question framework for evaluating peptides and other drugs [5:30];
• A three-tier system for classifying the scientific evidence behind peptides [10:00];
• Evaluating BPC-157: unclear mechanisms, absent human evidence, and unknown risks [14:00];
• Why BPC-157's expanding claims do not indicate a broad mechanism [20:45];
• CJC-1295: biological activity versus meaningful clinical benefit [23:30];
• Why testimonials about peptide benefits cannot establish the effectiveness of peptides [27:30];
• The placebo effect, and the importance of controlled trials for evaluating peptides [31:00];
• What FDA approval provides when evaluating peptide safety and effectiveness [34:45];
• Why prescriptions from doctors, compounding pharmacies, and third-party testing do not validate unapproved peptides [38:30];
• Approved peptides sold on the gray market: why evidence for an approved peptide does not automatically extend to gray-market versions [40:45];
• Addressing the claim that pharmaceutical companies ignore effective natural peptides because they cannot be patented [43:00];
• The promise of peptide science, and the risks of the gray-market wellness industry [46:30];
• Why peptide claims must be falsifiable and why evidence should precede widespread use rather than be expected to catch up later [49:00]; and
• More.

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Jim Otvos is a biophysical chemist who pioneered the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure lipoprotein particles and developed the first FDA-cleared method for directly quantifying LDL particle number (LDL-P), a technology that has since expanded to provide broader insights into metabolic health, inflammation, insulin resistance, and mortality risk. In this episode, Jim recounts the unlikely story of transforming a flawed cancer test into a new way of measuring lipoproteins, explains what standard cholesterol tests can miss and why LDL-P and apoB can inform treatment decisions beyond LDL cholesterol alone, and dispels the misconception that large, "fluffy" LDL particles are benign. He also explores how NMR can reveal insulin resistance before blood sugar rises, GlycA as a marker of chronic low-grade inflammation, and the metabolic vulnerability index (MVX) as a potential measure of frailty, resilience, and mortality risk across the lifespan. Finally, Jim explains why NMR diagnostics remain underused despite the wealth of information they can extract from a single blood test.

We discuss:

• How investigating a flawed 1986 cancer test led to the development of NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) lipoprotein testing [3:30];
• How standard lipid panels measure cholesterol and triglycerides, and why LDL cholesterol is estimated rather than directly measured [15:15];
• How NMR spectroscopy measures lipoprotein particle size and concentration [20:30];
• Why LDL particle number matters more than particle size, and why large, "fluffy" LDL is not benign [28:45];
• Discordance between LDL cholesterol and LDL particle number: which measure better reflects cardiovascular risk? [36:30];
• How metabolic syndrome and lipid-lowering treatment contribute to the discordance between LDL-C and LDL-P, and the value of particle number for managing risk [45:30];
• Using the NMR-derived LP-IR score to detect insulin resistance and predict type 2 diabetes before glucose rises [51:15];
• The development, commercialization, and uncertain future of the Vantera NMR Analyzer and NMR-based diagnostics [1:04:45];
• The analytical efficiency of NMR testing and the data-driven development of the Metabolic
• Vulnerability Index (MVX) [1:16:00];
• GlycA as an NMR-derived marker of systemic inflammation: its discovery, biological basis, and advantages over hs-CRP [1:25:45];
• Developing the Metabolic Vulnerability Index (MVX): biomarkers of inflammation, malnutrition, muscle wasting, and mortality risk [1:34:00];
• What MVX can tell us about longevity and mortality [1:44:15];
• How MVX may reveal metabolic frailty and predict premature mortality decades in advance in young, healthy adults [1:50:30];
• Potential applications of MVX for predicting treatment response, surgical resilience, and clinical trial outcomes, and the barriers to broader use [2:00:00];
• ApoB versus LDL-P: their clinical similarities, the additional information provided by NMR, and barriers to broader adoption [2:07:30];
• Interpreting the effects of the CETP inhibitor, obicetrapib, on LDL-P, apoB, and small HDL particles [2:13:00];
• The future of NMR diagnostics and MVX: translating scientific potential into broader clinical use [2:20:45]; and
• More.

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