This roadmap article explores how brain organoids serve as a sophisticated bridge between traditional cell cultures and living animal models. By utilizing pluripotent stem cells, researchers can grow three-dimensional structures that replicate the early stages of human neocortex development and evolutionary history. These models are particularly effective for investigating neurodevelopmental disorders, such as microcephaly and autism, as well as the impact of infectious diseases like Zika and SARS-CoV-2. The text also highlights the integration of bioengineering and CRISPR technology to enhance the physiological accuracy of these tissues. Finally, the authors address necessary ethical considerations regarding donor consent and the potential for consciousness in advanced models.

References:

• Birtele M, Lancaster M, Quadrato G. Modelling human brain development and disease with organoids[J]. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2025, 26(5): 389-412.