This perspective article provides a comprehensive overview of regulatory T cells (Tregs), detailing their essential role as natural "peacekeepers" that maintain immune tolerance and facilitate tissue repair. The authors explain how these cells use specialized metabolic programs and suppressive mechanisms to prevent the body from attacking its own tissues. Recent breakthroughs have transitioned Treg research from basic biology to clinical applications, positioning these cells as a "living drug" for treating autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative disorders like ALS and Alzheimer’s. Key milestones include successful trials of low-dose interleukin-2 therapy and the development of engineered CAR Tregs designed for precision targeting. Despite this progress, the text highlights significant translational challenges, such as the high cost of manufacturing and the need to ensure long-term lineage stability. Ultimately, the sources present a roadmap for next-generation therapies that aim to restore immune balance without the risks of broad immunosuppression.

References:

• Zou, Chengyu et al. Next steps in regulatory T cells: Biology and clinical application. Cell, Volume 189, Issue 1, 6 - 22