This review explores the intricate relationship between the human microbiome and cancer development, highlighting how microbial communities influence disease progression and treatment outcomes. Research indicates that specific bacteria and their metabolites can trigger genotoxicity, drive chronic inflammation, and alter the immune landscape within the tumor microenvironment. These microbial processes significantly impact the efficacy and toxicity of conventional treatments like chemotherapy and immunotherapy by modulating drug metabolism and T cell activity. Consequently, scientists are investigating microbiome-targeted interventions, such as fecal transplants, specialized diets, and engineered probiotics, to enhance patient responses. Despite this potential, the field faces challenges regarding functional redundancy and the need for personalized, mechanism-guided strategies. Future advancements likely depend on artificial intelligence and multi-omics integration to transition from general observations to precise companion diagnostics in oncology.

References:

• Hajjar, R., Mars, R.A.T. & Kashyap, P.C. Harnessing the microbiome for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Microbiol (2026). doi.org