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Introduction

Different story from NT; 3 parts: Manuscripts, criticism, examples.

3 families:

Masoretic Text (MT),

Samaritan Pentateuch (SP),

Septuagint (LXX).

Oldest Scrolls

Silver Scrolls (7th c. BC): Numbers 6:24-26 blessing.

Nash Papyrus (2nd c. BC): Ten Commandments + Shema.

Masoretic Text (MT)

7th-10th c. AD; standardized Hebrew with vowels.

Leningrad Codex (1008 AD); basis for BHS.

Samaritan Pentateuch (SP)

Samaritan version of Torah; 2nd c. BC mss.

6,000 variants from MT; some ideological.

Septuagint (LXX)

Greek translation (3rd-2nd c. BC)

Early mss.: Codex Vaticanus, Sinaiticus.

Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS, 1947)

250 BC-68 AD; every OT book except Esther.

Confirm MT stability; some variants.

Textual Criticism

Rules: Shorter readings, harmonizations suspect.

Examples: Deut 32:8 (sons of God), Psalm 22:16 (pierced hands).