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This week, Sam and Trevor tackle United States v. Downum, __ M.J. __, No. 24-0156/AR, 2025 CAAF LEXIS 828 (C.A.A.F. Sep. 30, 2025). Well, sort of.

In Downum, the CAAF makes an interesting point about what is required to invoke the permissive inference for unlawful use of a controlled substance under Article 112a, UCMJ. The CAAF seems to imply that the Government “must” present certain evidence to get the permissive inference. But this appears to change decades of case law on how the permissive inference works in "naked UA" cases (i.e., when the only evidence of drug use is from the urinalysis test). 

The duo discuss the history of the permissive inference, spanning United States v. Campbell, 50 M.J. 154, 160 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (aka Campbell I), United States v. Campbell, 52 M.J. 386, 388 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (aka Campbell II), and United States v. Green, 55 M.J. 76, 80 (C.A.A.F. 2001), before ending up back at Downum with some practice tips and advice for trial litigators. 

As always, feel free to email the nerds with any feedback, thoughts, questions, or legal conundrums at  [email protected].