A COLD WAR

A deal was struck between FDR and Stalin: the Soviets will join the war with Japan in exchange for territorial acquisitions at Japan’s expense and the creation of a Soviet sphere of influence in northeastern China.

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The city of Dresden was the primary victim of the “zone of limitation” agreement reached at Yalta—one of the few direct outcomes of the military consultations held there. In early 1945 Dresden was one of the few major German centers to have escaped systematic Allied bombing. On the night of February 13 - only two days after the end of the Yalta conference - the Royal Air Force Bomber Command executed the first night air raid on the city. “Florence on the Elbe”, as it was known, was reduced to rubble by Allied bombers in three major raids between February 13 and 15 - known by the Allies as Operation Thunderclap.

Altogether 1,300 British and American bombers dropped more than 3,000 tons of bombs including 1,100 tons of incendiaries on a city with one million civilians.

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If you're already a subscriber, you can listen to the full show in the player below or subscribe through iTunes or any podcast player.

If you haven't heard any of the series and want to know if you'll like it before you sign up, you can listen to the first six episodes totally free. You might want to start with Episode 1, unless of course you're an old school George Lucas fan, in which case feel free to start at Episode IV. We don't recommend it though.

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On Feb 7, the British Chiefs of Staff decided to take the day off to visit the site of the Battle of Balaclava, infamous for the "Charge of the Light Brigade" in 1854. Meanwhile, the Americans and the Soviet military commanders took the opportunity to talk about Russia's entry into the Pacific War against Japan.

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Conversation at Yalta turns to Poland's borders. Stalin had a new proposal that would mean moving the southern part of the Polish-German border 200 kilometers west - into Germany, right up to the Oder & Neisse rivers. Which was actually giving Poland more of Germany than the U.S. and UK were happy with. They believed it would create 8 or 9 million German refugees.

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On Feb 8, when Stalin arrived for his lunch date with Roosevelt, FDR told him that the Foreign Ministers had met that morning and agreed to accept the two extra countries for the Soviet’s in the UN General Assembly. It was good timing for FDR, because that day they were going to be talking about getting Russia involved in the war with Japan, and he wanted him on side. THE ONLY SMALL PROBLEM - the Foreign Ministers had NOT actually agreed to the two extra votes! Roosevelt made it up! Why? How? To what end? Listen and find out!

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At Yalta, Feb 7 and 8 - days 4 and 5 - are going to be about trying to get agreement on the Polish issues and the issue of the Soviets entering the war with Japan. Winnie The Pooh is getting played by Uncle Joe, who senses that the US/UK love fest is struggling.

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Back to the question of Poland. Roosevelt suggests changing the Polish-Russian border - in the favour of the Poles. Why? It'd really help him out in the upcoming U.S. election. Churchill agreed with him. Why? It would really help him out in the upcoming British election. Stalin, as you can imagine, was not impressed with their logic.

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Despite their attempts to get the U.K. and U.S.S.R. to give up on the concept of spheres of influence, the Monroe Doctrine remained the dominant way that America built its economic empire after WWII. Russia has always longed for more warm water ports and we explain why that's important. We do a mini bio on Maxim Litvinov, the Soviet deputy people’s commissar for foreign affairs. And we talk about why George Kennan wanted to kill off the idea of the United Nations.

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We are back talking about Poland and why it was such an important issue to the Big Three at Yalta. As Churchill himself said, Poland was so important, it was discussed at seven out of the eight plenary sessions and the official British record contained 18,000 words on Poland spoken by Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin. We also talk a little about Operation Paperclip, where America grabbed 1600 Nazi scientists and engineers and took them back to work on for the U.S. government.

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So after Sumner Welles resigned, the majority of the work on the UN charter was done by an interesting guy no-one remembers - Leo Pasvolsky. When he died in 1953, his New York Times obituary was subtitled "Wrote Charter of World Organization." In a 1967 letter, Dean Acheson criticized American moralism in international affairs, which he saw as culminating in "that little rat Leo Pasvolsky's United Nations.”

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