• Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
• Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbogast. He is found hanging in his residence at Vienne.
• King Authari marries Theodelinda, daughter of the Bavarian duke Garibald I. A Catholic, she has great influence among the Lombard nobility.
• Abd al-Rahman I, the founder of the Arab dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries, becomes emir of Cordova, Spain.
• Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes, but also limits, the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.
• Insurgent peasants led by Anabaptist pastor Thomas Müntzer were defeated at the Battle of Frankenhausen, ending the German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire.
• Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, stands trial in London on charges of treason, adultery and incest; she is condemned to death by a specially-selected jury.
• Cape Cod sighted by English navigator Bartholomew Gosnold.
• Johannes Kepler confirms his previously rejected discovery of the third law of planetary motion (he first discovered it on March 8 but soon rejected the idea after some initial calculations were made).
• The Peace of Münster is ratified, by which Spain acknowledges Dutch sovereignty.
• Opening of the first private mental health hospital in the United States, the Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason (now Friends Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

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• Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
• The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
• Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, making Simon de Montfort the effective ruler of England.
• Battle of Agnadello: In northern Italy, French forces defeat the Republic of Venice.
• English colonists establish "James Fort," which would become Jamestown, Virginia, the earliest permanent English settlement in the Americas.
• The Protestant Union, a coalition of Protestant German states, is founded to defend the rights, land and safety of each member against the Catholic Church and Catholic German states.
• Henry IV of France is assassinated by Catholic zealot François Ravaillac, and Louis XIII ascends the throne.
• Four-year-old Louis XIV becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Louis XIII.
• War of the Austrian Succession: A British fleet under Admiral George Anson defeats the French at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre.
• Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox inoculation.
• The 6th United States Congress recesses, and the process of moving the Federal government of the United States from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., begins the following day.
• William Clark and 42 men depart from Camp Dubois to join Meriwether Lewis at St Charles, Missouri, marking the beginning of the Lewis & Clark Expedition's historic journey up the Missouri River.

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• Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book Revelations of Divine Love.
• Amerigo Vespucci, this time under Portuguese flag, set sail for western lands.
• Mary Queen of Scots is defeated at Battle of Langside, part of Civil war between Queen Mary and Regent Moray.
• Famous sword duel between Miyamoto Musashi and Sasaki Kojiro on the shores of Ganryū Island. Kojiro dies at the end.
• Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after being convicted of treason.
• Venetian fleet under Admiral Cort Adeler beats Turkish.
• War of the Bavarian Succession: Russian and French mediators at the Congress of Teschen negotiate an end to the war. In the agreement Austria receives the part of its territory that was taken from it (the Innviertel).
• The Cumberland Compact is signed by leaders of the settlers in the Cumberland River area of what would become the U.S. state of Tennessee, providing for democratic government and a formal system of justice.
• Forces sent by Yusuf Karamanli of Tripoli to retake Derna from the Americans attack the city.
• Ecuador gains its independence from Gran Colombia.
• Mexican-American War: The United States declares war on the Federal Republic of Mexico following a dispute over the American annexation of the Republic of Texas and a Mexican military incursion.
• American Civil War: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a "proclamation of neutrality" which recognizes the Confederacy as having belligerent rights.

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• Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism.
• Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tang dynasty after nearly three hundred years of rule.
• Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre in Cyprus; she is crowned Queen consort of England the same day.
• Jagiellonian University, the oldest university in Poland, is founded in Kraków.
• Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
• The Prince of Anhua rebellion begins when Zhu Zhifan kills all the officials invited to a banquet and declares his intent on ousting the powerful Ming dynasty eunuch Liu Jin during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor.
• National University of San Marcos, the oldest university in the Americas, is founded in Lima, Peru.
• French Wars of Religion: Henry III of France flees Paris after Henry I, Duke of Guise, enters the city and a spontaneous uprising occurs.
• London playwright Thomas Kyd is arrested and tortured by the Privy Council for libel.
• Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen of Bohemia after defeating her rival, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Heinrich XI, count of the Principality of Reuss-Greiz, is elevated to Prince by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor.
• American Revolutionary War: In the largest defeat of the Continental Army, Charleston, South Carolina is taken by British forces.

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• Constantinople is consecrated.
• A copy of the Diamond Sutra is printed in China, making it the oldest known dated printed book.
• War of the Austrian Succession: French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army.
• Robert Gray commands the first expedition to sail into the Columbia River.
• Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons.
• William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth discover a route across the Blue Mountains, opening up inland Australia to settlement.
• President James K. Polk asked for a Declaration of War against Mexico, starting the Mexican-American War.
• Indian Rebellion of 1857: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the British.

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• Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England pending the selection of a king.
• Jacques Cartier visits Newfoundland.
• King Narai nominates Phetracha as regent, leading to the revolution of 1688 in which Phetracha becomes king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
• Rioting occurs in London after John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for The North Briton severely criticizing King George III.
• The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Tea Act, designed to save the British East India Company by reducing taxes on its tea and granting it the right to sell tea directly to North America. The legislation leads to the Boston Tea Party.
• Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette become King and Queen of France.
• American Revolutionary War: A small Colonial militia led by Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold captures Fort Ticonderoga.
• War of the First Coalition: Napoleon wins a victory against Austrian forces at Lodi bridge over the Adda River in Italy. The Austrians lose some 2,000 men.

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• Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
• England and Portugal formally ratify their alliance with the signing of the Treaty of Windsor, making it the oldest diplomatic alliance in the world which is still in force.
• 'Abd al-Latif (Timurid monarch) is assassinated.
• Hernando de Alarcón sets sail on an expedition to the Gulf of California.
• The figure who later became Mr. Punch makes his first recorded appearance in England.
• Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal England's Crown Jewels from the Tower of London.
• Five men arrested during a raid on Mother Clap's molly house in London are executed at Tyburn.
• Second Schleswig War: The Danish navy defeats the Austrian and Prussian fleets in the Battle of Heligoland.
• American Civil War: Nathan Bedford Forrest surrenders his forces at Gainesville, Alabama.
• American Civil War: President Andrew Johnson issues a proclamation ending belligerent rights of the rebels and enjoining foreign nations to intern or expel Confederate ships.
• Der Krach: Vienna stock market crash heralds the Long Depression.
• Mihail Kogălniceanu reads, in the Chamber of Deputies, the Declaration of Independence of Romania. This day became the Independence Day of Romania.
• Australia opens its first national parliament in Melbourne.
• The works of Gabriele D'Annunzio are placed in the Index of Forbidden Books by the Vatican.

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• Emperor Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the Italian provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, which were plundered by the Visigoths.
• Reccared I opens the Third Council of Toledo, marking the entry of Visigothic Spain into the Catholic Church.
• Treaty of Brétigny drafted between King Edward III of England and King John II of France (the Good).
• Julian of Norwich, a Christian mystic and anchoress, experiences the deathbed visions described in her Revelations of Divine Love.
• Joan of Arc lifts the Siege of Orléans, turning the tide of the Hundred Years' War.
• Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI.
• Hernando de Soto stops near present-day Walls, Mississippi, and sees the Mississippi River (then known by the Spanish as Río de Espíritu Santo, the name given to it by Alonso Álvarez de Pineda in 1519).
• A newly nationalized silver mine in Scotland at Hilderston, West Lothian is re-opened by Bevis Bulmer.
• William Coddington founds Newport, Rhode Island.
• The Battle of Peshawar where the Marathas defeated Timur Shah Abdali (Durrani) and Peshawar was captured and annexed into the Maratha Empire thus extending the Maratha Empire to its farthest distance away from Pune that it ever reached - over 2000 km - almost to the borders of Afghanistan.
• King Louis XVI of France attempts to impose the reforms of Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne by abolishing the parlements.
• Branded a traitor during the Reign of Terror, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, who was also a tax collector with the Ferme générale, is tried, convicted and guillotined in one day in Paris.

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• The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out after his arrival at Antioch.
• In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses, twenty years after its construction. Justinian I immediately orders that the dome be rebuilt.
• In France, the Second Council of Lyon opens to regulate the election of the Pope.
• The Siege of Málaga commences during the Spanish Reconquista.
• The Burning of Edinburgh by an English army is the first action of the Rough Wooing.
• Inaugural celebrations begin at Louis XIV of France's new Palace of Versailles.
• Battle of Vrtijeljka between rebels and Ottoman forces.
• Stockholm's royal castle (dating back to medieval times) is destroyed by fire. It is replaced in the 18th century by the current Royal Palace.
• The city of New Orleans is founded by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville.
• Pontiac's War begins with Pontiac's attempt to seize Fort Detroit from the British.

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• Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance.
• The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Spanish.
• Francis Xavier reaches Old Goa, the capital of Portuguese India at the time.
• The Dutch city of Coevorden held by the Spanish, falls to a Dutch and English force.
• English Restoration: A faction of the British Army removes Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth and reinstalls the Rump Parliament.
• Louis XIV of France moves his court to the Palace of Versailles.
• Battle of Prague: A Prussian army fights an Austrian army in Prague during the Seven Years' War.
• The end of Konbaung-Hanthawaddy War, and the end of Burmese Civil War (1740-1757).
• English poet Christopher Smart is admitted into St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics in London, beginning his six-year confinement to mental asylums.
• Construction begins on the Grand Palace, the royal residence of the King of Siam in Bangkok, at the command of King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke.

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