A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Constantinople is consecrated.
• A copy of the Diamond Sutra is printed in China, making it the oldest known dated printed book.
• War of the Austrian Succession: French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army.
• Robert Gray commands the first expedition to sail into the Columbia River.
• Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons.
• William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth discover a route across the Blue Mountains, opening up inland Australia to settlement.
• President James K. Polk asked for a Declaration of War against Mexico, starting the Mexican-American War.
• Indian Rebellion of 1857: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the British.

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• Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England pending the selection of a king.
• Christopher Columbus visits the Cayman Islands and names them Las Tortugas after the numerous turtles there.
• Jacques Cartier visits Newfoundland.
• King Narai nominates Phetracha as regent, leading to the revolution of 1688 in which Phetracha becomes king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
• Rioting occurs in London after John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for The North Briton severely criticizing King George III.
• Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette become King and Queen of France.
• American Revolutionary War: A small Colonial militia led by Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold captures Fort Ticonderoga.
• American Revolutionary War: The Second Continental Congress takes place in Philadelphia.
• War of the First Coalition: Napoleon wins a victory against Austrian forces at Lodi bridge over the Adda River in Italy. The Austrians lose some 2,000 men.
• First Barbary War: The Barbary pirates of Tripoli declare war on the United States of America.
• The National Gallery in London opens to the public.
• A revolt broke out in southern Vietnam against Emperor Minh Mang, who had desecrated the deceased mandarin Le Van Duyet.
• Panic of 1837: New York City banks suspend the payment of specie, triggering a national banking crisis and an economic depression whose severity was not surpassed until the Great Depression.

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• Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
• England and Portugal formally ratify their alliance with the signing of the Treaty of Windsor, making it the oldest diplomatic alliance in the world which is still in force.
• Hernando de Alarcón sets sail on an expedition to the Gulf of California.
• The figure who later became Mr. Punch makes his first recorded appearance in England.
• Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal England's Crown Jewels from the Tower of London.
• Five men arrested during a raid on Mother Clap's molly house in London are executed at Tyburn.
• Second Schleswig War: The Danish navy defeats the Austrian and Prussian fleets in the Battle of Heligoland.
• American Civil War: Nathan Bedford Forrest surrenders his forces at Gainesville, Alabama.
• American Civil War: President Andrew Johnson issues a proclamation ending belligerent rights of the rebels and enjoining foreign nations to intern or expel Confederate ships.

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• Emperor Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the Italian provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, which were plundered by the Visigoths.
• Reccared I opens the Third Council of Toledo, marking the entry of Visigothic Spain into the Catholic Church.
• Treaty of Brétigny drafted between King Edward III of England and King John II of France (the Good).
• Julian of Norwich, a Christian mystic and anchoress, experiences the deathbed visions described in her Revelations of Divine Love.
• Joan of Arc lifts the Siege of Orléans, turning the tide of the Hundred Years' War.
• Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI.
• A group of imperial guards, led by Trịnh Duy Sản, murdered Emperor Lê Tương Dực and fled, leaving the capital Thăng Long undefended.
• Hernando de Soto stops near present-day Walls, Mississippi, and sees the Mississippi River (then known by the Spanish as Río de Espíritu Santo, the name given to it by Alonso Álvarez de Pineda in 1519).
• A newly nationalized silver mine in Scotland at Hilderston, West Lothian is re-opened by Bevis Bulmer.
• William Coddington founds Newport, Rhode Island.
• The Battle of Peshawar where the Marathas defeated Timur Shah Abdali (Durrani) and Peshawar was captured and annexed into the Maratha Empire thus extending the Maratha Empire to its farthest distance away from Pune that it ever reached - over 2000 km - almost to the borders of Afghanistan.
• King Louis XVI of France attempts to impose the reforms of Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne by abolishing the parlements.
• Branded a traitor during the Reign of Terror, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, who was also a tax collector with the Ferme générale, is tried, convicted and guillotined in one day in Paris.

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• The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out after his arrival at Antioch.
• In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses, twenty years after its construction. Justinian I immediately orders that the dome be rebuilt.
• In France, the Second Council of Lyon opens to regulate the election of the Pope.
• The Siege of Málaga commences during the Spanish Reconquista.
• The Burning of Edinburgh by an English army is the first action of the Rough Wooing.
• Inaugural celebrations begin at Louis XIV of France's new Palace of Versailles.
• Battle of Vrtijeljka between rebels and Ottoman forces.
• Stockholm's royal castle (dating back to medieval times) is destroyed by fire. It is replaced in the 18th century by the current Royal Palace.
• The city of New Orleans is founded by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville.
• Pontiac's War begins with Pontiac's attempt to seize Fort Detroit from the British.
• French Revolution: Robespierre introduces the Cult of the Supreme Being in the National Convention as the new state religion of the French First Republic.
• French Revolutionary Wars: A French force attempting to dislodge a small British garrison on the Îles Saint-Marcouf is repulsed with heavy losses.
• World premiere of Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in Vienna, Austria. The performance is conducted by Michael Umlauf under the composer's supervision.
• Greece's independence is recognized by the Treaty of London.
• The Great Natchez Tornado strikes Natchez, Mississippi killing 317 people. It is the second deadliest tornado in United States history.

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• Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance.
• The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Spanish.
• King Henry VIII orders English-language Bibles be placed in every church. In 1539 the Great Bible would be provided for this purpose.
• Francis Xavier reaches Old Goa, the capital of Portuguese India at the time.
• The Dutch city of Coevorden held by the Spanish, falls to a Dutch and English force.
• English Restoration: A faction of the British Army removes Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth and reinstalls the Rump Parliament.
• Louis XIV of France moves his court to the Palace of Versailles.
• Battle of Prague: A Prussian army fights an Austrian army in Prague during the Seven Years' War.
• The end of Konbaung-Hanthawaddy War, and the end of Burmese Civil War (1740-1757).
• English poet Christopher Smart is admitted into St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics in London, beginning his six-year confinement to mental asylums.
• Construction begins on the Grand Palace, the royal residence of the King of Siam in Bangkok, at the command of King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke.
• Captain Thomas Cochrane in the 14-gun HMS Speedy captures the 32-gun Spanish frigate El Gamo.
• James Gordon Bennett, Sr. publishes the first issue of the New York Herald.
• The Penny Black postage stamp becomes valid for use in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
• The East India Company disbands the 34th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry whose sepoy Mangal Pandey had earlier revolted against the British in the lead up to the War of Indian Independence.

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• The Second Council of Constantinople begins.
• Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta.
• On his second voyage to the New World, Christopher Columbus sights Jamaica, landing at Discovery Bay and declares Jamaica the property of the Spanish crown.
• Daimyō (Lord) Shimazu Tadatsune of the Satsuma Domain in southern Kyūshū, Japan, completes his successful invasion of the Ryūkyū Kingdom in Okinawa.
• King Charles I of England dissolves the Short Parliament.
• Cromwell's Act of Grace, aimed at reconciliation with the Scots, proclaimed in Edinburgh.
• Russia and Prussia sign the Treaty of St. Petersburg.
• In France, the Estates-General convenes for the first time since 1614.
• Mary Kies becomes the first woman awarded a U.S. patent, for a technique of weaving straw with silk and thread.
• Emperor Napoleon dies in exile on the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
• The first railway in continental Europe opens between Brussels and Mechelen.
• Cinco de Mayo: Troops led by Ignacio Zaragoza halt a French invasion in the Battle of Puebla in Mexico.

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• The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull Licet ecclesiae catholicae.
• Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus are condemned as heretics at the Council of Constance.
• Assassination of the Swedish rebel (later national hero) Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson
• Wars of the Roses: The Battle of Tewkesbury: Edward IV defeats a Lancastrian Army and kills Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.
• Dutch explorer Peter Minuit arrives in New Netherland (present day Manhattan Island) aboard the See Meeuw.
• The Municipality of Ilagan is founded in the Philippines.
• Rhode Island becomes the first American colony to renounce allegiance to King George III.
• Fourth Anglo-Mysore War: The Battle of Seringapatam: The siege of Seringapatam ends when the city is invaded and Tipu Sultan killed by the besieging British army, under the command of General George Harris.
• Emperor Napoleon arrives at Portoferraio on the island of Elba to begin his exile.
• King Ferdinand VII abolishes the Spanish Constitution of 1812, returning Spain to absolutism.
• Formation of Ancient Order of Hibernians

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• Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne.
• The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties.
• Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries, adopting the baptismal name of João I.
• Angered by the brutal onslaught of Spanish troops at Fort Caroline, a French force has burned the San Mateo fort and massacred hundreds of Spaniards.
• Treaty of Loudun ends a French civil war.
• A total solar eclipse is visible across northern Europe and northern Asia, as predicted by Edmond Halley to within four minutes accuracy.
• The Constitution of May 3 (the first modern constitution in Europe) is proclaimed by the Sejm of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• Washington, D.C. is incorporated as a city after Congress abolishes the Board of Commissioners, the District's founding government. The "City of Washington" is given a mayor-council form of government.
• Finnish War: Sweden loses the fortress of Sveaborg to Russia.
• Peninsular War: The Madrid rebels who rose up on May 2 are executed near Príncipe Pío hill.
• Neapolitan War: Joachim Murat, King of Naples, is defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Tolentino, the decisive engagement of the war.
• The Canterbury and Whitstable Railway is opened; it is the first steam-hauled passenger railway to issue season tickets and include a tunnel.
• The University of Athens is founded in Athens, Greece.

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• King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
• William de Braose is hanged by Prince Llywelyn the Great.
• Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, is arrested and imprisoned on charges of adultery, incest, treason and witchcraft.
• John Knox returns from exile to Scotland to become the leader of the nascent Scottish Reformation.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, escapes from Loch Leven Castle.
• The King James Version of the Bible is published for the first time in London, England, by printer Robert Barker.
• Afonso Mendes, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Latin Patriarch of Ethiopia, arrives at Beilul from Goa.
• King Charles II of England grants a permanent charter to the Hudson's Bay Company to open up the fur trade in North America.
• Outbreak of the Peninsular War: The people of Madrid rise up in rebellion against French occupation. Francisco de Goya later memorializes this event in his painting The Second of May 1808.
• The Siege of Cuautla during the Mexican War of Independence ends with both sides claiming victory after Mexican rebels under José María Morelos y Pavón abandon the city after 72 days under siege by royalist Spanish troops under Félix María Calleja.

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