A prolific poet, Jami, is the embodiment of the photo-Ottoman Bengal-to-Balkans cosmopolitan Sufi intellectual.

1. Jami was born in 1414 near the border of modern day Iran and Afghanistan during the tail end of the era of the shadow Abbasid caliphs before the Ottoman claim to the Caliphate. He worked for the local Timurid court. And at the end of his life, Islamic rule ended in the Iberian peninsula and a sea voyager called Columbus set out to find a better route to India.
2. He appears to come from a scholarly Sunni family and had a specific interest in the teachings of Ibn Arabi. What more do we know about his life?
3. His works are many and some appear influenced by Nizami whom we covered in episode 62. Tell us about them.
4. What translations and secondary resources would you recommend on Jami?
5. And finally let's end with a sample and translation.

Further reading

Jami by Hamid Algar The Persian Mystics: Jami by F. Hadland Davis Yusuf and Zulaikha: A Poem by Jami by Ralph T.H. Griffith

Ali Hammoud: https://alihammoud7.substack.com/

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Regarded as the pinnacle of Persian literature, his works are a household item for Persian-speaking families and read during the Yalda winter solstice festival and Nowruz spring equinox festival. He was also widely known amongst European intellectuals, with even Engels mentioning him to Marx in a letter.

1. Hafez lived in Shiraz under the waning Mongol Ilkhanate and at his death in 1390, the region was being incorporated into Timur's empire. What more do we know about Hafez's socio-political and cultural context?
2. There are many mythical tales about Hafez. What can we know about his life?
3. The influence of Hafez can't be underestimated. Tell us about his works.
4. And what translations and secondary resources do you recommend? It should be pointed out that there are wonderful illustrated versions including one owned by the Cartier family of jewellers.
5. And finally let's end with a sample and translation.

Further reading

Hafez and the Religion of Love in Classical Persian Poetry. Edited by Leonard Lewioshn. Faces of Love: Hafez and the Poets of Shiraz by Dick Davis(partial) Poems from the Divan of Hafiz by Gertrude Bell (partial) The Divan-I Hafiz by Wilberforce Clarke (complete translation)

Ali Hammoud: https://alihammoud7.substack.com/

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Abū Muḥammad Musharrif al-Dīn Muṣliḥ b. ʿAbd-Allāh, better known as Saadi is called simply as the Master in Persian for his place in classical Persian poetry. His Bustan and Gulistan takes pride of place in the canon of Islamic literary creations.

1. Saadi was born in Shiraz 1210CE. He was alive during the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258 who took over his homeland. What more can we say about his socio-political and cultural context?
2. Saadi appears to have travelled extensively: Baghdad, India, Syria. What more can we say about his personal biography?
3. Saadi's Bustan and Gulistan are well-known. Give us a guide to reading those works and tell us about his other works. He also has an elergy to the fallen caliphate.
4. What translations and secondary resources would you recommend on Saadi?
5. And finally let's end with a sample and translation.

Further Reading: Sa'di: The Poet of Life, Love and Compassion by Homa Katouzian Gulistan (translated by Wheeler Thackston Bustan (translated by G.M. Wickens)

Ali Hammoud: https://alihammoud7.substack.com/

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Jamal ad-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Ilyās ibn-Yūsuf ibn-Zakkī better known as Nizami is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature. His love story of Layla and Majnun inspired the Eric Clapton hit record of 1970, "Layla" and there are monuments of Nizami as far as Beijing and Rome.

1. Nizami was born in the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan around 1141CE and lived at the same time as Attar, the subject of our previous episode. What more can we say about his socio-political and cultural context?
2. Like many of the poets we have examined, details of Nizami's life is sketchy. We learn his mother was Kurdish. He was married three times. What more can we say about his personal biography?
3. Nizami's main works are five which are collectively called the Khamsa or Panj Ganj (Five Treasures). Let's talk about them.
4. What translations and secondary resources would you recommend on Nizami?
5. And finally let's end with a sample and translation.

Further Reading:

Layli and Majnun (translated by Dick Davis)

Khosrow and Shirin (translated by Dick Davis)

Haft Paykar: A Medieval Persian Romance (translated by Julie Scott Meisami)

The Treasury of Mysteries (translated by Gholam Hosein Darab)

Ali Hammoud: https://alihammoud7.substack.com/

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Farīd al-Dīn Abū Ḥamid Muḥammad ʿAṭṭār lived and died in Nishapur. Though he was little known beyond his city as a poet, his enduring legacy can perhaps be summarised by Rumi: Attar has roamed through the seven cities of love while we have barely turned down the first street.

(1) Attar was born in Nishapur around 1145CE during the reign of Abbasid caliph al-Muqtafī who finally succeeded in asserting the caliphate militarily against their supposed Sunni Seljuk Turkic vassals. Ghazzali had passed away in the conveniently memorable 1111CE leaving his enduring influence upon Sunni-Sufi high culture. What more can we say about his socio-political and cultural context?

(2) Attar seemed to have been little known beyond his city. His family business appears to be a pharmacy. What more can we say about his personal biography?

(3) Attar is best known for his Conference of the Birds. Give us a guide to reading that work, and tell us about his other works.

(4) What translations and secondary resources would you recommend on Attar?

(5) And finally let's end with a sample and translation.

Further Reading

The Conference of the Birds (translated by Afkham Darbandi and Dick Davis)

Religion of Love: Sufism and Self-Transformation in the Poetic Imagination of ʿAṭṭār by Cyrus Ali Zargar

Ali Hammoud: https://alihammoud7.substack.com/

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Hakim Abul-Majd Majdūd ibn Ādam, better known as Sanai, was an influential poet of Sufism who was attached to the Ghaznavid court in modern day Afghanistan. His major work The Walled Garden of Truth has been an enduring classic. An adaption of his verses were quoted at the end of the 2017 Hollywood film The Shape of Water.

Q1. Sanai was born 1080CE. During his life the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad were clashing with internal enemies from their supposed Seljuk vassal, engaged in a Cold War with Fatimid Cairo, and reckoning with Crusaders in the Levant. And the Almohads would established themselves in North Africa. What more can we say about his socio-political and cultural context?

Q2. Sanai was associated with the last Ghaznavid ruler Bahram Shah who reigned from 1117-1152. What do we know about the life of Sanai considering I found three different dates for his death?

Q3. Sanai is considered the first poet to use the qasidah (ode), ghazal (lyric), and the masnavi (rhymed couplet) to express the philosophical, mystical and ethical ideas of Sufism. Describe for us his works.

Q4. What translations and secondary resources would you recommend on Sanai?

Q5. And finally lets end with a sample and translation

Ali Hammoud: https://x.com/AliHammoud7777 https://alihammoud7.substack.com/

We are sponsored by IHRC bookshop. Listeners get a 15% discount on all purchases. Visit IHRC bookshop at shop.ihrc.org and use discount code AHP15 at checkout. Terms and conditions apply. Contact IHRC bookshop for details.

Writing to his brother from prison in 1949, a young African American man opens his letter citing these lines from a medieval Persian poet:

Indeed the Idols I have loved so long,

Have done my credit in this World much Wrong:

Have dropped my Glory in a shallow Cup,

And sold my Reputation for a song

The writer would later achieve acclaim as the civil rights activist Malcolm X, and the lines he was citing were by Omar Khayyam, the subject of today's episode.

Q1. Omar Khayyam was born in 1048CE in Nishapur, Iran. The Abbasid caliph in Baghdad was al-Qāʾim which was witnessing a so-called Sunni Revival with the ousting of the Caspian Zaydi Shia Buyid de facto control of the caliphate by the Turkic Sunni Seljuks in 1055CE. The Cold War with the rival Ismaili ShiaFatimid caliphate of Cairo was still at its height. Tell us more about the world of Omar Khayyam.

Q2. He had an exemplary education becoming an authority in mathematics. He was employed as a head astronomer by the Seljuk regime and after the death of Sultan Malik-Shah, Omar Khayyam made hajj seemingly to allay suspicions about his own religious alignment. What else do we know about his life?

Q3. Omar Khayyam is known in English through the popular Victorian translation by Edward Fitzgerald. But is it misleading to limit our knowledge of him to these series of translated quatrains.

Q4. Omar Khayyam dies in 1131 aged 83 in his hometown. What has been his legacy, influence and genealogy? Q5. And finally before we end, please share with us a sample of Omar Khayyam's work in the original Persian with the translation.

Further reading: The Wine of Wisdom: The Life, Poetry and Philosophy of Omar Khayyam — Mehdi Aminrazavi (original translations with an appendix dedicated to the Fitzgerald translations)

Ali Hammoud: https://x.com/AliHammoud7777 https://alihammoud7.substack.com/

We are sponsored by IHRC bookshop. Listeners get a 15% discount on all purchases. Visit IHRC bookshop at shop.ihrc.org and use discount code AHP15 at checkout. Terms and conditions apply. Contact IHRC bookshop for details.

Born 1004CE in present-day Tajikistan then under control of the Ghaznavid dynasty, Abū Muʿīn al-Dīn Nasir Khusraw was an Ismaili convert and missionary who became better known for his poetry.

To discuss with us today the life, works and legacy of Nasir Khusraw is Ali Hammoud. Ali Hammoud is a PhD candidate at Western Sydney University. He is broadly interested in Shīʿīsm and Islamicate intellectual history. Welcome Ustad Ali!

Q1. I think it's important we set the scene for the socio-political dynamics in which Nasir Khusraw lived. There were two major competing polities claiming to be the ultimate representatives of the Prophet's legacy: the Ismaili Shia Fatimid caliphate in Cairo and the Sunni Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad. We can imagine it as a kind of Cold War era that existed between the Soviet and the US after WWII with smaller entities in between them having to choose a loyalty or hedge their bets.

Q2. Nasir Khusraw lived in Merv in present day Turmenistan and he worked for the Sunni Turkic Seljuk administration before his conversion to Ismailism and joining the Fatimid court. Tell us more about his life and career.

Q3. He has a number of works philosophical and literary. Describe them for us before giving us details characterising his divan.

Q4. What further readings and resources do you recommend for us on Nasir Khusrau?

Q5 Finally before we end, give us a sample of the work of Nasir Khusrau in the original Persian and translation.

Ali Hammoud: https://x.com/AliHammoud7777 https://alihammoud7.substack.com/

We are sponsored by IHRC bookshop. Listeners get a 15% discount on all purchases. Visit IHRC bookshop at shop.ihrc.org and use discount code AHP15 at checkout. Terms and conditions apply. Contact IHRC bookshop for details.

Born under the Samanid dyansty and living through the rule of the Ghaznavid dynasty in Tus located north Iran, Ferdowsi is author of the epic Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings") of 50,000 lines taking 30 years to compose. The work is of central importance in Persian heritage.

Q1. Ferdowsi was born in 940CE and died around 1019CE at around 80 years old. He lived under the Ghaznavid dynasty who at their height ruled territory spanning modern day Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Tell us about the cultural context in which he was born.

Q2. Ferdowsi was born into a family of dehqan landowners. He has an elegy to an adult son inserted into the Shahnameh. He is characterised as both a Shia Muslim but also a deist. What else do we know about his life?

Q3. Ferdowsi began work on the Shahnameh around 977 and received patronage from sultan Mahmud of the Ghaznavid dynasty. Give us an overview of the Shahnameh and how readers in translation should approach it. There are also many beautifully illustrated editions too. Tell us about those too.

Q4. If people want to learn more about Ferdowsi and his Shahnameh, what resources and translations would you recommend.

Q5 Finally before we end, give us a sample of the Shahnameh in the original Persian and translation.

Ali Hammoud: https://x.com/AliHammoud7777 https://alihammoud7.substack.com/

Living under the Samanid dyansty in modern-day Tajikistan, Rudaki is considered the first of the great classical Islamic Persian poets and the father of Tajik literature. Despite being a celebrated, patronised court poet, he would fall into poverty near the end of his life dying blind and alone.

To discuss with us today the life, works and legacy of Rudaki is Ali Hammoud. Ali Hammoud is a PhD candidate at Western Sydney University. He is broadly interested in Shīʿīsm and Islamicate intellectual history.

Q1. Rudaki was born around 858CE and died around 941CE at around 83 years old. He lived under the Samanid dynasty who at their height ruled much of modern day central Asia under the auspices of the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad. Tell us about the cultural context in which he was born.

Q2. We know little about his life. We know we he was patronised by the Samaind vizier Abū al-Faḍl al-Balʿamī. What else can we say with certainty about his life?

Q3. Rudaki was as much a musician and singer as he was a poet. How is his work characterised.

Q4. If people want to learn more about Persian literature in general, where would you recommend they start? What translations would you recommend of Rudaki?

Q5 Finally before we end, give us a sample of Rudaki's work.

Ali Hammoud: https://x.com/AliHammoud7777 https://alihammoud7.substack.com/