Adapt or Die! The Evolutionary Biology of Pop Culture

Welcome to this brand new (and final for this season!) episode of Adapt or Die! The evolutionary biology of pop culture hosted by Austin Ashbaugh. The current cultural phenomenon we are discussing this season is Pokémon and todays episode is focused on the fairy type. Our evolutionary connection to the fairy type is the topic of same-sex behaviour in evolution.

In the Safari Zone, I get into the difference between sex and gender in an evolutionary context, the evolution of same sex behavior, and using fairy type pokémon as a case study in understanding how misleading "normal" is in evolution. During the pokémon professors rant, I appropriately rant about how to improve the fairy type in representing evolution. Lastly, we will end todays episode with describing a new ghost/fairy type lineage and results from our latest pokémon spectacular competition. Sit back and relax in a chair older than yourself, open an old dusty tome, and join me as we adapt or die!

Link to Google Slides of Pokémon discussed in this episode

Additional resources mentioned in this episode:
1. Adsit-Morris, C., & Gough, N. (2021). Queering evolution: The socio-political entanglements of natural and cultural evolutionary mechanisms. _Queer Ecopedagogies: Explorations in Nature, Sexuality, and Education_, 95-121.
2. Lindqvist, A., Sendén, M. G., & Renström, E. A. (2021). What is gender, anyway: a review of the options for operationalising gender. _Psychology & sexuality_, _12_(4), 332-344.
3. Page, M. R. (2016). The literary imagination from Erasmus Darwin to H.G. Wells: Science, evolution, and ecology. New York: Routledge.
4. Pascoe, J. (1993). Female botanists and the poetry of Charlotte Smith. In C. S. Wilson & J. Haefner (Eds.), Re-visioning romanticism: British women writers, 1776–1837 (pp.  193–210). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
5. Richards, E. (2017). Darwin and the making of sexual selection. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
6. Roughgarden, J. (2013). _Evolution's rainbow: Diversity, gender, and sexuality in nature and people_. Univ of California Press.

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Song credits: Music by Gregor Quendel from Pixabay

Logo design: Austin Ashbaugh, Chase Ashbaugh, Xander Allen

Welcome to this brand new episode of Adapt or Die! The evolutionary biology of pop culture hosted by Austin Ashbaugh. The current cultural phenomenon we are discussing this season is Pokémon and todays episode is focused on the dragon type. Our evolutionary connection to the dragon type is phylogenetics.

In the Safari Zone, I get into what characters we name organisms based on, what aptations, adaptations, and exaptations are as well as illustrating these ideas and describing the characters uniting dragon type pokémon. During the pokémon professors rant, I appropriately rant about the application of dragon type within pokémon games. Lastly, we will end todays episode with describing a new dragon bug type lineage and results from our latest pokémon spectacular competition. Sit back and relax in a chair older than yourself, open an old dusty tome, and join me as we adapt or die!

Link to Google Slides of Pokémon discussed in this episode

Additional resources mentioned in this episode:
1. https://pokemondb.net/pokebase/244110/pokemon-types-ranked-after-average-stats
2. https://www.serebii.net/pokemon/type/dragon/
3. Gould, S. J., & Lewontin, R. C. (2020). The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. In _Shaping Entrepreneurship Research_ (pp. 204-221). Routledge.
4. Gould, S. J., & Vrba, E. S. (1982). Exaptation—a missing term in the science of form. _Paleobiology_, _8_(1), 4-15.

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Song credits: Music by Gregor Quendel from Pixabay

Logo design: Austin Ashbaugh, Chase Ashbaugh, Xander Allen

Welcome to this brand new episode of Adapt or Die! The evolutionary biology of pop culture hosted by Austin Ashbaugh. The current cultural phenomenon we are discussing this season is Pokémon and todays episode is focused on the bug type. Our evolutionary connection to the bug type is the evolution of insects.

In the Safari Zone, I get into what defines an insect and will review the representation of all the major insect orders in the pokémon games. During the pokémon professors rant, I appropriately rant about more diversity in bug type pokémon. Lastly, we will end todays episode with describing a new water bug type lineage and results from our latest pokémon spectacular competition. Sit back and relax in a chair older than yourself, open an old dusty tome, and join me as we adapt or die!

Link to Google Slides of Pokémon discussed in this episode

Additional resources mentioned in this episode:
1. Aguiar, A.P.; Deans, A.R.; Engel, M.S.; Forshage, M.; Huber, J.T.; Jennings, J.T.; Johnson, N.F.; Lelej, A.S.; Longino, J.T.; Lohrmann, V.; Mikó, I.; Ohl, M.; Rasmussen, C.; Taeger, A.; Yu, D.S.K. (2013). 
2. Edgecombe, G. D., & Giribet, G. (2007). Evolutionary biology of centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda). _Annu. Rev. Entomol._, _52_(1), 151-170.
3. Forero, D. (2008). The systematics of the Hemiptera. Revista Colombiana de Entomología, _34_(1), 1-21.
4. D. Grimaldi; M. S. Engel (2005). _Evolution of the Insects_. 
5. Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. (1998). _Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed_. Oxford University Press. pp. 392–394. 
6. Legendre, Frédéric; Nel, André; Svenson, Gavin J.; Robillard, Tony; Pellens, Roseli; Grandcolas, Philippe; Escriva, Hector (22 July 2015). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511787). _PLOS ONE_. 10 (7): e0130127. 
7. Piersanti, S., Frati, F., Conti, E., Gaino, E., Rebora, M., & Salerno, G. (2014). First evidence of the use of olfaction in Odonata behaviour. _Journal of Insect Physiology_, _62_, 26-31.
8. Richter, S., Møller, O., & Wirkner, C. (2009). Advances in crustacean phylogenetics. _Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny_, _67_, 275-286.
9. Ruebenstahl A, Mongiardino Koch N, Lamsdell JC, Briggs DEG. 2024 Convergent evolution of giant size in eurypterids. Proc. R. Soc. B 291: 20241184. 
10. Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A., Bartolomaeus, T., Lemburg, C., Ehlers, U., & Garey, J. R. (1998). The position of the Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system. _Journal of Morphology_, _238_(3), 263-285.
11. Scholtz, G., & Edgecombe, G. D. (2005). Heads, Hox and the phylogenetic position of trilobites. _Crustacea and arthropod relationships_, _16_, 139-165.
12. Tihelka, E., Cai, C., Giacomelli, M., Lozano-Fernandez, J., Rota-Stabelli, O., Huang, D., ... & Pisani, D. (2021). The evolution of insect biodiversity. _Current Biology_, _31_(19), R1299-R1311.

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Have a pop culture ecology or evolutionary biology question you want answered? Submit your questions and ideas here for a chance to have your topic researched and discussed on the podcast!

Song credits: Music by Gregor Quendel from Pixabay

Logo design: Austin Ashbaugh, Chase Ashbaugh, Xander Allen

Welcome to this brand new episode of Adapt or Die! The evolutionary biology of pop culture hosted by Austin Ashbaugh. The current cultural phenomenon we are discussing this season is Pokémon and todays episode is focused on the flying type. Our evolutionary connection to the flying type is the evolution of flight.

In the Safari Zone, I get into the evolution of flight in invertebrates and  vertebrates using pokemon case studies. During the pokémon professors rant, I appropriately rant about more diversity in flying type pokémon. Lastly, we will end todays episode with describing a regional variant of a new pidgey variant and results from our latest pokémon spectacular competition. Sit back and relax in a chair older than yourself, open an old dusty tome, and join me as we adapt or die!

Link to Google Slides of Pokémon discussed in this episode

Additional resources mentioned in this episode:
1. Elgin, R. A., Hone, D. W., & Frey, E. (2011). The extent of the pterosaur flight membrane. _Acta Palaeontologica Polonica_, _56_(1), 99-111.
2. Hunter, P. (2007). The nature of flight: the molecules and mechanics of flight in animals. _EMBO reports_, _8_(9), 811-813.
3. Iwamoto H, Nishikawa Y, Wakayama J, Fujisawa T (2002) Direct X-ray observation of a single hexagonal myofilament lattice in native myofibrils of striated muscle. Biophys J 83: 1074–1081
4. Iwamoto H, Inoue K, Yagi N (2006) Evolution of long-range myofibrillar crystallinity in insect flight muscle as examined by X-ray cryomicrodiffraction. Proc Biol Sci 273: 677–685
5. Sachs, G., Traugott, J., Nesterova, A. P., Dell'Omo, G., Kümmeth, F., Heidrich, W., ... & Bonadonna, F. (2012). Flying at no mechanical energy cost: disclosing the secret of wandering albatrosses.
6. Stalmaster, M. V., & Gessaman, J. A. (1984). Ecological energetics and foraging behavior of overwintering bald eagles. _Ecological Monographs_, _54_(4), 407-428.
7. https://www.serebii.net/pokemon/type/flying/

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Have a pop culture ecology or evolutionary biology question you want answered? Submit your questions and ideas here for a chance to have your topic researched and discussed on the podcast!

Song credits: Music by Gregor Quendel from Pixabay

Logo design: Austin Ashbaugh, Chase Ashbaugh, Xander Allen

Welcome to this brand new episode of Adapt or Die! The evolutionary biology of pop culture hosted by Austin Ashbaugh. The current cultural phenomenon we are discussing this season is Pokémon and todays episode is focused on the steel type. Our evolutionary connection to the steel type is the impact of urbanization on evolution.

In the Safari Zone, I get into what current evolutionary pressures of cities are on organisms which are reflected in game and how humans (both in and outside of the Pokémon world) have benefited from looking to adaptations of the organisms around them. During the pokémon professors rant, I appropriately rant about the need for urban pressures to impact pokemon evolution based on proximity to the cities if Pokémon are so route specific. Lastly, we will end todays episode with describing a regional variant of Maushold and results from our latest pokémon spectacular competition. Sit back and relax in a chair older than yourself, open an old dusty tome, and join me as we adapt or die!

Link to Google Slides of Pokémon discussed in this episode

Resources cited for research in this episode:
1. Branciari, R., Franceschini, R., Roila, R., Valiani, A., Pecorelli, I., Piersanti, A., ... & Ranucci, D. (2020). Nutritional value and contaminant risk assessment of some commercially important fishes and crawfish of Lake Trasimeno, Italy. _International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health_, _17_(7), 2545.
2. Cook, L. M., & Saccheri, I. J. (2013). The peppered moth and industrial melanism: evolution of a natural selection case study. _Heredity_, _110_(3), 207-212.
3. Arbel Harpak, Nandita Garud, Noah A Rosenberg, Dmitri A Petrov, Matthew Combs, Pleuni S Pennings, Jason Munshi-South, Genetic Adaptation in New York City Rats, _Genome Biology and Evolution_, Volume 13, Issue 1, January 2021, evaa247, [https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa247](https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa247)
4. Holderegger, R., & Di Giulio, M. (2010). The genetic effects of roads: a review of empirical evidence. _Basic and Applied Ecology_, _11_(6), 522-531.
5. Marc T. J. Johnson, Jason Munshi-South ,Evolution of life in urban environments.Science358,eaam8327(2017).DOI:10.1126/science.aam8327
6. Nemeth, E., & Brumm, H. (2009). Blackbirds sing higher-pitched songs in cities: adaptation to habitat acoustics or side-effect of urbanization?. _Animal behaviour_, _78_(3), 637-641.
7. https://asknature.org/biological-strategies/
8. https://www.serebii.net/pokemon/type/steel/

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Have a pop culture ecology or evolutionary biology question you want answered? Submit your questions and ideas here for a chance to have your topic researched and discussed on the podcast!

Song credits: Music by Gregor Quendel from Pixabay

Logo design: Austin Ashbaugh, Chase Ashbaugh, Xander Allen

Welcome to this brand new episode of Adapt or Die! The evolutionary biology of pop culture hosted by Austin Ashbaugh. The current cultural phenomenon we are discussing this season is Pokémon and todays episode is focused on the poison type. Our evolutionary connection to the electric type is the evolution of venom and poison.

In the Safari Zone, I get into the difference between venom and poison, how so many groups have evolved venom/poison, and introduce the idea of evolutionary arms races with pokémon case studies  lines. During the pokémon professors rant, I appropriately rant about clarity around venom or poison in pokémon and how toxic should be the type and venom/poison type should only existing as a sub-typing. Lastly, we will end todays episode with describing a regional variant of slowking and results from our latest pokémon spectacular competition. Sit back and relax in a chair older than yourself, open an old dusty tome, and join me as we adapt or die!

Link to Google Slides of Pokémon discussed in this episode

Resources cited for research in this episode:
1. Dickinson, C. C. (2019). The Curious Poisoned Weed: Poison Ivy Ecology and Physiology.
2. Espiritu, D. J. D., Watkins, M., Dia-Monje, V., Cartier, G. E., Cruz, L. J., & Olivera, B. M. (2001). Venomous cone snails: molecular phylogeny and the generation of toxin diversity. _Toxicon_, _39_(12), 1899-1916.
3. Gladman AC. Toxicodendron Dermatitis: Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 2006;17(2):120-128. doi:10.1580/PR31-05.1
4. Harris, R. J., & Arbuckle, K. (2016). Tempo and mode of the evolution of venom and poison in tetrapods. _Toxins_, _8_(7), 193.
5. Labadie, M., Aldabe, B., Ong, N., Joncquiert-Latarjet, A., Groult, V., Poulard, A., … de Haro, L. (2012). Portuguese man-of-war (_Physalia physalis_) envenomation on the Aquitaine Coast of France: An emerging health risk. _Clinical Toxicology_, _50_(7), 567–570. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2012.707657
6. Mebs, D. (2001). Toxicity in animals. Trends in evolution?. _Toxicon_, _39_(1), 87-96.
7. Possani, L. D., Becerril, B., Delepierre, M., & Tytgat, J. (1999). Scorpion toxins specific for Na+‐channels. _European journal of biochemistry_, _264_(2), 287-300.
8. Undheim, E. A., & King, G. F. (2011). On the venom system of centipedes (Chilopoda), a neglected group of venomous animals. _Toxicon_, _57_(4), 512-524.
9. Vonk, F. J., Admiraal, J. F., Jackson, K., Reshef, R., de Bakker, M. A., Vanderschoot, K., ... & Richardson, M. K. (2008). Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs. _Nature_, _454_(7204), 630-633.

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Have a pop culture ecology or evolutionary biology question you want answered? Submit your questions and ideas here for a chance to have your topic researched and discussed on the podcast!

Song credits: Music by Gregor Quendel from Pixabay

Logo design: Austin Ashbaugh, Chase Ashbaugh, Xander Allen

Welcome to this brand new episode of Adapt or Die! The evolutionary biology of pop culture hosted by Austin Ashbaugh. The current cultural phenomenon we are discussing this season is Pokémon and todays episode is focused on the electric type. Our evolutionary connection to the electric type is evolutionary physiology.

In the Safari Zone, I get into what physiology is, how it evolves, and how some of the systems that we see in real life have been used to generate pokémon lines. During the pokémon professors rant, I appropriately rant about the need for a dowsing machine / pokeradar on water through electroreception. Lastly, we will end todays episode with describing a regional variant of a platypus line and results from our latest pokémon spectacular competition. Sit back and relax in a chair older than yourself, open an old dusty tome, and join me as we adapt or die!

Link to Google Slides of Pokémon discussed in this episode

Resources cited for research in this episode:
1. Garland, T., & Carter, P. A. (1994). Evolutionary physiology. _Annual review of physiology_, _56_(1), 579-621.
2. Greenwood, P. G., & Mariscal, R. N. (1984). The utilization of cnidarian nematocysts by aeolid nudibranchs: nematocyst maintenance and release in Spurilla. _Tissue and Cell_, _16_(5), 719-730.
3. Herring PJ, Munk O. The escal light gland of the deep-sea anglerfish Haplophryne mollis (Pisces: Ceratioidei) with observations on luminescence control. _Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom_. 1994;74(4):747-763. doi:10.1017/S0025315400090020
4. Lissmann, H. W. (1958). On the function and evolution of electric organs in fish. _Journal of experimental biology_, _35_(1), 156-191.
5. Noble, D., Jablonka, E., Joyner, M. J., Müller, G. B., & Omholt, S. W. (2014). Evolution evolves: physiology returns to centre stage. The Journal of physiology, 592(Pt 11), 2237.
6. Wägele, M., & Johnsen, G. (2001). Observations on the histology and photosynthetic performance of “solar-powered” opisthobranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) containing symbiotic chloroplasts or zooxanthellae. _Organisms Diversity & Evolution_, _1_(3), 193-210.
7. Wernegreen, J. J. (2012). Endosymbiosis. _Current Biology_, _22_(14), R555-R561.
8. https://www.serebii.net/pokemon/type/electric/

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Song credits: Music by Gregor Quendel from Pixabay

Logo design: Austin Ashbaugh, Chase Ashbaugh, Xander Allen

Welcome to this brand new episode of Adapt or Die! The evolutionary biology of pop culture hosted by Austin Ashbaugh. The current cultural phenomenon we are discussing this season is Pokémon and todays episode is focused on the fire type. Our evolutionary connection to the ice type is evolutionary developmental biology.

In the Safari Zone, I get into developmental modularity, novelty, and allometry with appropriate fire-type pokémon case-studies. During the pokémon professors rant, I appropriately rant about pokémon eggs. Lastly, we will end todays episode with describing a regional variant of the Torkoal line and results from our latest pokémon spectacular competition. Sit back and relax in a chair older than yourself, open an old dusty tome, and join me as we adapt or die!

Link to Google Slides of Pokémon discussed in this episode

Resources cited for research in this episode:
1. Grant, P. R., Abbott, I., Schluter, D., Curry, R. L., & Abbott, L. K. (1985). Variation in the size and shape of Darwin's finches. _Biological Journal of the Linnean Society_, _25_(1), 1-39.
2. Huxley, J. S. (1950). Relative growth and form transformation. _Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B-Biological Sciences_, _137_(889), 465-469.
3. Lewis, E. B. (1978). A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila. _Nature_, _276_(5688), 565-570.
4. Müller, G. B. (2007). Evo–devo: extending the evolutionary synthesis. _Nature reviews genetics_, _8_(12), 943-949.
5. Peterson, T., & Müller, G. B. (2013). What is evolutionary novelty? Process versus character based definitions. _Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution_, _320_(6), 345-350.
6. https://thelostlambda.github.io/pokestats/#:~:text=The%20fastest%20Pok%C3%A9mon%20type%20is,type%20was%20the%20Rock%20type.
7. https://www.serebii.net/pokemon/type/fire/

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Song credits: Music by Gregor Quendel from Pixabay

Logo design: Austin Ashbaugh, Chase Ashbaugh, Xander Allen

Episode Description:

Welcome to this brand new episode of Adapt or Die! The evolutionary biology of pop culture hosted by Austin Ashbaugh. The current cultural phenomenon we are discussing this season is Pokémon and todays episode is focused on the Ice type. Our evolutionary connection to the ice type is ice ages.

In the Safari Zone, I get into What ice ages are, what a glacier is and how they affected the environments we see today and how some pokémon show the impact of glaciation on evolution. During the pokémon professors rant, I appropriately rant about the brittleness of ice type pokémon. Lastly, we will end todays episode with describing a regional variant of the Froakie line and results from our latest pokémon spectacular competition. Sit back and relax in a chair older than yourself, open an old dusty tome, and join me as we adapt or die!

Link to Google Slides of Pokémon discussed in this episode

Resources cited for research in this episode:
1. Mark, B. G., & Fernández, A. (2017). The significance of mountain glaciers as sentinels of climate and environmental change. _Geography Compass_, _11_(6), e12318.
2. Marshall, S. J., James, T. S., & Clarke, G. K. (2002). North American ice sheet reconstructions at the Last Glacial Maximum. _Quaternary Science Reviews_, _21_(1-3), 175-192.
3. Raymo, M. E., & Huybers, P. (2008). Unlocking the mysteries of the ice ages. _Nature_, _451_(7176), 284-285.
4. https://www.serebii.net/pokemon/type/ice/

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Song credits: Music by Gregor Quendel from Pixabay

Logo design: Austin Ashbaugh, Chase Ashbaugh, Xander Allen

Episode Description:

Welcome to this brand new episode of Adapt or Die! The evolutionary biology of pop culture hosted by Austin Ashbaugh. The current cultural phenomenon we are discussing this season is Pokémon and todays episode is focused on the rock type. Our evolutionary connection to the rock type is fossils.

In the Safari Zone, I get into how fossils form, how we know what fossils are associated with what animals, and the basis for all of the fossil pokémon. During the pokémon professors rant, I appropriately rant about the the lack of mammalian fossil pokémon. Lastly, we will end todays episode with describing a regional variant of the deerling line and results from our latest pokémon spectacular competition. Sit back and relax in a chair older than yourself, open an old dusty tome, and join me as we adapt or die!

Link to Google Slides of Pokémon discussed in this episode

Follow Adapt or Die! on Instagram for regular updates

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Have a pop culture ecology or evolutionary biology question you want answered? Submit your questions and ideas here for a chance to have your topic researched and discussed on the podcast!

Song credits: Music by Gregor Quendel from Pixabay

Logo design: Austin Ashbaugh, Chase Ashbaugh, Xander Allen 

Resources cited for research in this episode:
1. Cerda, I. A., Novas, F. E., Carballido, J. L., & Salgado, L. (2022). Osteohistology of the hyperelongate hemispinous processes of Amargasaurus cazaui (Dinosauria: Sauropoda): Implications for soft tissue reconstruction and functional significance. _Journal of Anatomy_, _240_(6), 1005-1019.
2. Clements, T., Atterby, J., Cleary, T., Dearden, R. P., & Rossi, V. (2022). The perception of palaeontology in commercial off-the-shelf video games and an assessment of their potential as educational tools. _Geoscience Communication_, _5_(3), 289-306.
3. Li, C., Wu, XC., Rieppel, O. _et al._ An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. _Nature_ **456**, 497–501 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07533
4. Lopatin, A.V., Sotnikova, M.V., Klimovsky, A.I. _et al._ Mummy of a juvenile sabre-toothed cat _Homotherium latidens_ from the Upper Pleistocene of Siberia. _Sci Rep_ **14**, 28016 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79546-1 

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Song credits: Music by Gregor Quendel from Pixabay

Logo design: Austin Ashbaugh, Chase Ashbaugh, Xander Allen