Æthelred II, famously dubbed the Unready, governed England during a volatile period marked by the resurgence of Viking invasions and internal political strife. These sources detail his long and fractured reign, which included a brief period of exile in Normandy following the conquest by Swein Forkbeard. While traditional history often paints him as an incompetent leader, modern scholars highlight his administrative achievements, such as sophisticated legal codes and a highly regulated coinage system. The text also explores his complex family life, his efforts to placate invaders through monetary tributes, and the eventual collapse of English resistance under his son, Edmund Ironside. Ultimately, the records present a nuanced view of a monarch who struggled to maintain national unity against overwhelming external pressure.