Liberia and Ethiopia maintained their sovereignty while facing intense European imperialism during the Scramble for Africa. Liberia struggled against British and French territorial expropriation, eventually losing significant land and economic autonomy despite diplomatic appeals to the United States. In contrast, Ethiopia successfully defended its independence by denouncing the fraudulent Treaty of Wuchale and securing a decisive military victory against Italy at the Battle of Adowa

This text refutes the myth that Africa required Western intervention to achieve modernity, democracy, and scientific progress. By highlighting the sophisticated checks and balances found in the governments of the Asante, Xhosa, and Benin kingdoms, the author demonstrates that African political systems were often as accountable and enlightened as European models

Historical journey of Botswana from a threatened protectorate to a thriving, democratic nation. It highlights how three visionary Tswana chiefs traveled to London in 1895

Africa's economic stagnation and relative failure when compared to the rapid development experienced by Asian nations since the 1960s

 Attitudes of African leaders toward the establishment of European colonialism in the late 19th century, arguing that the overwhelming majority were vehemently opposed to losing their sovereignty.

corruption in African governance, challenging the notion that the continent is uniquely corrupt compared to other global regions

movement toward African unity following World War II

post-colonial history of Africa, detailing the initial promise of independence followed by a widespread regression into autocratic rule and one-party states

The provided excerpts offer a comprehensive critique of foreign aid to African nations, arguing that it actively perpetuates corruption and undermines sustainable economic growth. The text highlights instances of widespread looting by political elites