The global energy transition has placed Africa in a paradox: the continent possesses the minerals the world needs to survive, yet the infrastructure to process those minerals remains fragmented. In this recent episode of Voices of Africa, Rohitesh Dhawan, CEO of the International Council on Mining and Metals, offers a sobering yet optimistic roadmap for the continent’s subsurface wealth. Rohitesh outlines a three-pillar framework: Transparency, stability, and fairness, essential for turning mineral wealth into lasting development. The conversation moves beyond idealistic rhetoric to tackle the hard economics of beneficiation, the threat of illegal mining syndicates, and the need for a unified African Mineral Trust.