Good friend, manic composer, and musically big brained Frank Horvat joined us to talk all about key modulations, with three example songs. We talked about:

* the difference between borrowing chords and modulation

* chromatic alteration, where a single semi-tone difference can change the contour of your chord progression

* referring to the circle of fifths to see modulation that are close or far from your base key signature

* using pivot chords to bridge the gap between key signatures

* key modulation between different sections of a song vs. repeating your last chorus as a modulation

* modulating up vs. modulating down

Listen to the show

The song examples

Starman by David Bowie

Perfect Illusion by Lady Gaga

The Infanta by The Decemberists