A comprehensive overview of androgens and the androgen receptor (AR), detailing their profound physiological and pathological roles. The sources explain the biosynthesis and metabolism of androgens, including the crucial function of enzymes like hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 5α-reductase, and also explore the complex molecular mechanism of AR action, focusing on the role of coregulators, signal transduction pathways, and gene regulation. Furthermore, the texts examine the implication of androgens and the AR in various medical conditions, such as prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), male pattern baldness (alopecia), and the neurological disorder Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA), as well as their involvement in bone homeostasis, cardiovascular health, and the immune system. Finally, the sources discuss therapeutic strategies, including the use of antiandrogens like finasteride and spironolactone, to target these androgen-dependent conditions.
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