Pathophysiology and etiology of common adult cardiac valve diseases. Design and function of bioprothetic and mechanical heart valves provided by various companies and their echocardiographic evaluation by TEE in the operating room.

Procedural sedation and pain management. Pharmakokinetics and pharmakodynamics of commonly used opioids and remifentanil. Also, we touch on Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine in addition to propofol (Ketofol/Ketafol)