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Attachment theory is a psychological model that explains how humans form and maintain relationships. John Bowlby first introduced it in the 1950s, and has since been expanded upon by other researchers.

Attachment theory posits that humans have an innate need to form close relationships with others, particularly with their caregivers, during early childhood. These relationships serve as a secure base from which individuals can explore the world around them. According to the theory, the quality of these early relationships shapes an individual's expectations and beliefs about relationships throughout their lifetime.

Attachment styles refer to the patterns of behavior and emotional responses that individuals develop about their caregivers. There are four main attachment styles:

1. Secure attachment: Individuals with a secure attachment style tend to have positive beliefs about themselves and others. They feel comfortable with intimacy, seek social support, and can handle stress healthily.

2. Anxious-preoccupied attachment: Individuals with an anxious-preoccupied attachment style tend to be overly dependent on their caregivers. They may feel insecure in their relationships, worry about abandonment, and seek constant reassurance.

3. Avoidant-dismissive attachment: Individuals with an avoidant-dismissive attachment style tend to be emotionally distant and avoid intimacy. They may have negative beliefs about relationships and prioritize independence over connection with others.

4. Fearful-avoidant attachment: Individuals with a fearful-avoidant attachment style tend to have conflicting desires for intimacy and independence. They may feel overwhelmed by emotional closeness and fear rejection or abandonment.

Attachment styles are not fixed and can change over time, particularly in response to significant life events or relationship changes. Therapy can also help individuals identify and work through unhealthy attachment patterns.

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