PFAS are a group of man-made chemicals  extremely persistent in the environment and the human body, . Studies show a link between PFAS exposure,  and negative impacts on male reproductive health. 

Such as : disrupt hormone signaling and testicular function leading to reduced sperm production and quality  , lower sperm count and motility , can disrupt the balance of reproductive hormones like testosterone.

Chitosan and its derivatives demonstrate significant potential as effective and sustainable materials for water purification. Continued research and development efforts focusing on optimizing its properties and applications will be crucial in realizing its full potential in addressing global water pollution challenges. 

BioSteel represents a remarkable achievement in biomimicry, demonstrating the potential of biotechnology to produce novel materials with exceptional properties. While challenges remain in replicating the full strength and toughness of natural spider silk, the successful production of artificial spider silk from mammalian cells opens up exciting possibilities for a wide range of applications in the future.