Ginger Campbell, MD (click to play episode)

This month we celebrate the 17th anniversary of Brain Science with our 17th Annual Review episode. The first episode aired on December 15, 2006. We review the highlights of 2023, which included both new guests and the return of several favorites.

Topics included consciousness, free will, molecular biology, emotion, cognition, and the evidence for plant intelligence. We also reviewed neurotransmitters and how to combat misinformation.

Guests included Guy Caldwell, Paco Calvo, Luiz Pessoa, Sander van der Linden, Kevin Mitchell and Seth Grant, who appeared for a record 6th time.

BS 214: Seventeenth Annual Review of Brain Science

Ginger Campbell, MD

Episodes Released in 2023:

• BS 204 (Encore) and BS 205 featured molecular biologist Guy Caldwell, PhD from the University of Alabama. Caldwell uses the tiny roundworm C. Elegans to search for potential treatments of Parkinson's Disease.

• BS 206: Paco Calvo, PhD, author of Planta Sapiens: The New Science of Intelligence.

• BS 207 (Encore): Luiz Pessoa, author of The Cognitive-Emotional Brain: From Interactions to Integration.

• BS 208 Sander Van der Linden, author of Foolproof: Why Misinformation Infects Our Minds and How to Build Immunity.

• BS 209 Luiz Pessoa returned to talk about his new  The Entangled Brain: How Perception, Cognition, and Emotion Are Woven Together.

• BS 210 Basics of Neurotransmitters: a detailed introduction to neurotransmitters and the importance of receptor proteins.

• BS 211 Seth Grant returned for a record 6th time. We reviewed his career and discussed recent discoveries about how synaptic proteins change as we age. Grant is my favorite guest because he makes complex ideas accessible to listeners of all backgrounds.

• BS 212 (Encore) Thomas Metzinger, PhD, author of The Ego Tunnel: The Science of the Mind and the Myth of the Self.

• BS 213 Kevin J Mitchell, PhD returned to talk about his new book Free Agents: How Evolution Gave Us Free Will.

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• This is the last scheduled episode of Brain Science, but all episodes will continue to be available.

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Kevin mitchell (click to play audio, r click to download mp3)

In the this episode of Brain Science we talk with neuroscientist Kevin Mitchell about his new book Free Agents: How Evolution Gave Us Free Will. While many neuroscientists and philosophers argue that free will is an illusion, Mitchell argues that the ability to make meaningful choices is part of our evolutionary heritage. He also addresses the important issue of determinism, siding with those physicists who argue that the fundamental nature of our universe is NOT deterministic. These issues are crucial to how we see ourselves and others.

BS 213: Kevin Michell: "Free Agents: How Evolution Gave Us Free Will"

Ginger Campbell, MD

Links and References:

• Free Agents: How Evolution Gave Us Free Will by Kevin J. Mitchell 

• Helgoland: Making Sense of the Quantum Revolution by Carlo Rovelli

• Innate: How the Wiring of Our Brains Shapes Who We Are by Kevin J. Mitchell

  • Mitchell discusses this book in BS 159.

• Kevin Mitchell, PhD (Trinity College Dublin)

  • Mitchell's blog

• Please visit http://brainsciencepodcast.com for additional references and episode transcripts.

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Announcements:

• Please note: there will be no episode of Brain Science in November 2023. We will return with the 17th Annual Review episode on December 15.

• Please FOLLOW the Brain Science podcast channel on YouTube.

• Dr. Campbell moved to Auckland, New Zealand in August 2023. Please reach out if you live in New Zealand or Australia.

• Please subscribe or follow Brain Science in your favorite audio app and please share it with others.

• Get free gift "5 Things You Need to Know about YOUR Brain when you sign up for the free Brain ScienceNewsletter to get show notes automatically every month. You can also text brainscience to 55444 to sign up.

• Support Brain Science by buying Are You Sure? The Unconscious Origins of Certainty by Virginia "Ginger" Campbell, MD. (Autographed copies are available)

• Learn more ways to support Brain Science at https://brainsciencepodcast.com/premium

Connect on Social Media:

• Mastodon: https://neuromatch.social/@docartemis

• Twitter: @docartemis

• Facebook page: http://www.facebook.com/brainsciencepodcast

Contact Dr. Campbell:

• Email: [email protected]

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This month's episode of Brain Science features Thomas Metzinger, author of The Ego Tunnel: The Science of the Mind and the Myth of the Self. Metzinger is a philosopher with a longstanding interest in Philosophy of Mind with a focus on incorporating the findings of neuroscience. We discuss the implications of the discovery that consciousness is a biological process generated by the interaction of the brain, body, and external world. Metzinger also emphasized the importance of considering altered states including dreaming, out of body experiences, and even virtual reality.

BS 212: Thomas Metzinger on "The Ego Tunnel"

Ginger Campbell, MD

Links and References:

• The Ego Tunnel: The Science of the Mind and the Myth of the Self, by Thomas Metzinger

• Being No One: The Self-Model Theory of Subjectivity, by Thomas Metzinger

• Blanke, et al., "Stimulating Illusory Own-Body Perceptions," Nature, 419:269-270 (2002) 

• O. Blanke & T. Metzinger, "Full-Body Illusion and Minimal Phenomenal Selfhood," Trends in Cognitive Neuroscience 13(1):7-13 (2009)

• T. Metzinger, "Out of Body Experiences as the Origin of the Concept of a 'Soul,'"  Mind and Matter 3(1):57-84 (2005)

• Beyond the Body: An Investigation of Out of Body Experiences by Susan Blackmore

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Announcements:

• Please FOLLOW the Brain Science podcast channel on YouTube.

• The mobile app has been updated and is now called Brain Science Podcast. The app is free and MyLibsyn Premium subscribers can use it to access transcripts and other premium content.

• Dr. Campbell's arrived in Auckland, New Zealand on August 10, 2023. She is working at Tōtara Hospice. Please reach out if you live in New Zealand or Australia.

• Please subscribe or follow Brain Science in your favorite audio app and please share it with others.

• Get free gift "5 Things You Need to Know about YOUR Brain when you sign up for the free Brain ScienceNewsletter to get show notes automatically every month. You can also text brainscience to 55444 to sign up.

• Support Brain Science by buying Are You Sure? The Unconscious Origins of Certainty by Virginia "Ginger" Campbell, MD. (Autographed copies are available)

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Connect on Social Media:

• Mastodon: https://neuromatch.social/@docartemis

• Twitter: @docartemis

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Contact Dr. Campbell:

• Email: [email protected]

Seth Grant (click image to play episode, right click to download)

This episode of Brain Science features the return of molecular biologist Seth Grant. We briefly review his decades of research into the complexity of the protein structure of the synapse and then we focus on his most recent paper, which describes how the life-span of synapse proteins appears to change as animals age. Grant reflects of the significance of this finding both for animal research and human medicine.

This episode is appropriate for listeners of all backgrounds.

Seth Grant has previously appeared on Brain Science several times including BSP 51, BSP 101, BS 137, BSP 150 and BS 176.

BS: 211: Seth Grant

Ginger Campbell, MD

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Papers discussed in this episode: 

• Bulovaite, E., Qiu, Z., Kratschke, M., Zgraj, A., Fricker, D. G., Tuck, E. J., Gokhale, R., Koniaris, B., Jami, S. A., Merino-Serrais, P., Husi, E., Mendive-Tapia, L., Vendrell, M., O'Dell, T. J., DeFelipe, J., Komiyama, N. H., Holtmaat, A., Fransén, E., & Grant, S. G. N. (2022). A brain atlas of synapse protein lifetime across the mouse lifespan. Neuron, 110(24), 4057–4073.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.009

• Cizeron, M., Qiu, Z., Koniaris, B., Gokhale, R., Komiyama, N. H., Fransén, E., & Grant, S. G. N. (2020). A brainwide atlas of synapses across the mouse life span. Science (New York, N.Y.), 369(6501), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba3163

Seth Grant has previously appeared on Brain Science several times including BSP 51, BSP 101, BS 137, BSP 150 and BS 176.

Announcements:

• Please FOLLOW the Brain Science podcast channel on YouTube.

• The mobile app has been updated and is now called Brain Science Podcast. The app is free and MyLibsyn Premium subscribers can use it to access transcripts and other premium content.

• Dr. Campbell arrived in New Zealand on August 10, 2023. Please reach out if you live in New Zealand or Australia.

• Please subscribe or follow Brain Science in your favorite audio app and please share it with others.

• Get free gift "5 Things You Need to Know about YOUR Brain when you sign up for the free Brain ScienceNewsletter to get show notes automatically every month. You can also text brainscience to 55444 to sign up.

• Support Brain Science by buying Are You Sure? The Unconscious Origins of Certainty by Virginia "Ginger" Campbell, MD. (Autographed copies are available)

• Learn more ways to support Brain Science at https://brainsciencepodcast.com/premium

Connect on Social Media:

• Mastadon: https://neuromatch.social/@docartemis

• Twitter: @docartemis

• Facebook page: http://www.facebook.com/brainsciencepodcast

Contact Dr. Campbell:

• Email: [email protected]

New! follow on mastodon

click image to play episode, right click to download

This episode is our first review of neurotransmitters since episode 8 way back in 2007. We start with some basics of neuron function and brain anatomy, but the meat of the episode is a discussion of neurotransmitters and how they work. The key idea is that a simple molecule, such as dopamine, can have a wide variety of effects because of the existence of multiple receptors.

This episode is appropriate for listeners of all backgrounds, but might be a little challenging for new listeners. It will be a review episode for longtime listeners and those with backgrounds in neuroscience.

BS: 210 Introduction to Synapses and Neurotransmitters

Ginger Campbell, MD

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Links and References:

• Essentials of Modern Neuroscience by Franklin Amthor, W. Anne Burton Theibert, David Standaert, and Erik Roberson; 1st ed. 2020

• Molecular & Cell Biology For Dummies, 2nd Edition by Rene Fester Kratz

• BS 118: Beyond the Zonules of Zinn: A Fantastic Journey Through Your Brain (2008) by David Bainbridge

• BS 169: Glial Cells with Doug Fields

• BS 186: The Spike with Mark Humphries

• BS 197: Neuroscience For Dummies 3rd Edition by Frank Amthor

• The War of the Soups and the Sparks: The Discovery of Neurotransmitters and the Dispute Over How Nerves Communicate by Elliot Valenstein

• See Episode Transcript for additional links.

Announcements:

• Please FOLLOW the Brain Science podcast channel on YouTube.

• The mobile app has been updated and is now called Brain Science Podcast. The app is free and MyLibsyn Premium subscribers can use it to access transcripts and other premium content.

• After this episode was recorded Dr. Campbell finally got her work visa to go to New Zealand. She hopes to arrive on August 10, 2023 and would love to hear from Kiwi and Aussie listeners.

• Please subscribe or follow Brain Science in your favorite audio app and please share it with others.

• Get free gift "5 Things You Need to Know about YOUR Brain when you sign up for the free Brain ScienceNewsletter to get show notes automatically every month. You can also text brainscience to 55444 to sign up.

• Support Brain Science by buying Are You Sure? The Unconscious Origins of Certainty by Virginia "Ginger" Campbell, MD. (Autographed copies are available)

• Learn more ways to support Brain Science at https://brainsciencepodcast.com/premium

Connect on Social Media:

• Mastadon: https://neuromatch.social/@docartemis

• Twitter: @docartemis

• Facebook page: http://www.facebook.com/brainsciencepodcast

Contact Dr. Campbell:

• Email: [email protected]

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Luiz Pessoa; L click to play, R click to download

This month's episode of Brain Science is an interview with Luiz Pessoa, author of The Entangled Brain: How Perception, Cognition, and Emotion Are Woven Together.

This is Pessoa's first book aimed at a general audience and it provides a concise overview of our current understanding of basic brain function. However, he also explains the limitations of the traditional modular view of the brain. A key take home point is that emotion and cognition are deeply intertwined at every level.

BS 209 Luiz Pessoa "The Entangled Brain"

Ginger Campbell, MD

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Links and References:

• The Entangled Brain: How Perception, Cognition, and Emotion Are Woven Together by Luiz Pessoa

• The Cognitive-Emotional Brain: From Interactions to Integration by Luiz Pessoa: BS 207 (encore)

• Pessoa, L., & Adolphs, R. (2010). Emotion processing and the amygdala: from a 'low road' to 'many roads' of evaluating biological significance. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 11(11), 773–783. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2920

• The Neuroscience of Emotion: A New Synthesis by Ralph Adolphs and David J. Anderson (mentioned by Dr. Pessoa and discussed in BS 151)

• The Nature of the Beast: How Emotions Guide US by David J Anderson (BS 195)

• Luiz Pessoa, PhD: Professor of Psychology,University of Maryland

  • Twitter: @PessoaBrain

  • Mastadon: @PessoaBrain

• Please see the episode transcript for additional references.

Announcements:

• The mobile app has been updated and is now called Brain Science Podcast. The app is free and MyLibsyn Premium subscribers can use it to access transcripts and other premium content.

• Dr. Campbell's move to New Zealand has been delayed, but she hopes to be in Auckland by August, 2023. Please reach out if you live in New Zealand or Australia.

• Please subscribe or follow Brain Science in your favorite audio app and please share it with others.

• Get free gift "5 Things You Need to Know about YOUR Brain” when you sign up for the free Brain ScienceNewsletter to get show notes automatically every month. You can also text brainscience to 55444 to sign up.

• Check out the Brain Science podcast channel on YouTube

• Support Brain Science by buying Are You Sure? The Unconscious Origins of Certainty by Virginia "Ginger" Campbell, MD. (Autographed copies are available)

• Learn more ways to support Brain Science at http://brainsciencepodcast.com/donations

Connect on Social Media:

New! Follow on Mastodon

• mastOdon: https://neuromatch.social/@docartemis

• Twitter: @docartemis

• Facebook page: http://www.facebook.com/brainsciencepodcast

Contact Dr. Campbell:

• Email: [email protected]

Sander van der linden (click to listen, r click to download)

This month's episode is an interview with Cambridge Psychology professor Sander van der Linden, author of Foolproof: Why Misinformation Infects Our Minds and How to Build Immunity. We discuss the important topic of how techniques like appealing to emotion contribute to the spread of misinformation. Dr. Campbell reflects on why this topic is important.

Our discussion began with the problem of the “Illusory truth” effect, which is the observation that the more often something is repeated the more likely people are to believe it is true, even when its not. This can defeat attempts to debunk misinformation. Van der Linden explained how the “truth sandwich” provides the safest method of debunking based on our current understanding of how memory works.

Then we talked about the key features of Conspiracy theories, which form a rather extreme version of misinformation that seem to be immune to evidence. Van der Linden described how conspiracy theories seem to be driven by three psychological motives: the need for knowledge that makes sense of the world, social connections with other believers, and the existential need to make sense of uncertainty. The seven signs of conspiracy thinking are easy to remember using the mnemonic CONSPIRE: Contradictory thinking, Overriding suspicion, Nefarious intent, Something must be wrong, Persecuted victim, Immunity to Evidence, Re-interpreting randomness.

Unfortunately mis-information really does spread more quickly than the facts. This is partly because it has characteristics that encourage its spread: novelty, appeal to emotion, appeal to morality, and being provocative. Another problem is that anti-science messages tend to be more interconnected since they interact with a wide variety of pseudoscientific sources.

It is clearly impossible to eliminate misinformation, which is why researchers like van der Linden are exploring the idea of mental immunity, which means teaching people to recognize the techniques and hopefully view information more critically. He described how his team has created video games that help “immunize” players against the classic tools of misinformation and propaganda including false dichotomies, scapegoating groups of people, polarizing, the use of emotions, impersonating or using fake experts. He closes with techniques that we can all use, even in everyday conversations. Of course, he emphasized the importance of being non-confrontational, since that almost never leads to the desired outcome.

BS 208: "Foolproof" with Sander van der Linden

Ginger Campbell, MD

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Links and References:

• Foolproof: Why Misinformation Infects Our Minds and How to Build Immunity by Sander van der Linden

• Sander van der Linden, Phd (University of Cambridge)

• Learn more via video games at https://inoculation.science/

• Please visit http://brainsciencepodcast.com for additional references and episode transcripts.

Announcements:

Please take a few minutes to complete this audience survey.

• The mobile app has been updated and is now called Brain Science Podcast. The app is free and MyLibsyn Premium subscribers can use it to access transcripts and other premium content.

• Dr. Campbell's move to New Zealand has been delayed, but she hopes to be in Auckland by July 2023. Please reach out if you live in New Zealand or Australia.

• Please subscribe or follow Brain Science in your favorite audio app and please share it with others.

• Get free gift "5 Things You Need to Know about YOUR Brain when you sign up for the free Brain ScienceNewsletter to get show notes automatically every month. You can also text brainscience to 55444 to sign up.

• Check out the Brain Science podcast channel on YouTube

• Support Brain Science by buying Are You Sure? The Unconscious Origins of Certainty by Virginia "Ginger" Campbell, MD. (Autographed copies are available)

• Learn more ways to support Brain Science at http://brainsciencepodcast.com/donations

Connect on Social Media:

• Twitter: @docartemis

• Facebook page: http://www.facebook.com/brainsciencepodcast

Contact Dr. Campbell:

• Email: [email protected]

Luiz Pessoa (L click to play, r click to download mp3)

This month's episode of Brain Science is an encore presentation of an interview with neuroscientist Luiz Pessoa discussing his fascinating book The Cognitive-Emotional Brain: From Interactions to Integration. We explored the surprising role of the amygdala in decision making and learned that cognition and emotion are deeply intertwined at every level.

This month’s transcript is also free.

BS 207: Luiz Pessoa "The Cognitive-Emotional Brain"

Ginger Campbell, MD

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Links and References:

• The Cognitive-Emotional Brain: From Interactions to Integration by Luiz Pessoa

• Luiz Pessoa, PhD (University of Maryland)

Announcements:

• Dr. Campbell is moving to New Zealand and would love to connect with listeners from New Zealand and Australia.

• Please subscribe or follow Brain Science in your favorite audio app and please share it with others.

• Get free gift "5 Things You Need to Know about YOUR Brain when you sign up for the free Brain ScienceNewsletter to get show notes automatically every month. You can also text brainscience to 55444 to sign up.

• Check out the Brain Science podcast channel on YouTube

• Support Brain Science by buying Are You Sure? The Unconscious Origins of Certainty by Virginia "Ginger" Campbell, MD. (Autographed copies are available)

• The mobile app is now called "Brain Science Podcast" and can be used to get both premium and free content

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Contact Dr. Campbell:

• Email: [email protected]

Paco calvo (L click to play audio, right click to download mp3)

This month's episode of Brain Science is an intriguing interview with Dr. Paco Calvo from the Minimal Intelligence Laboratory at the University of Mercia in Spain. We talk with him about his new book Planta Sapiens: The New Science of Intelligence.

We discuss the scientific evidence for plant intelligence while acknowledging that intelligence and consciousness are different phenomena. It is interesting to think of plants as demonstrating embodied cognition in contrast to the "intelligence" demonstrated by computer software. We also consider the pioneering work of Charles Darwin, who actually studied plant behavior before the invention of time lapse photography.

BS 206: Plant Intelligence with Paco Calvo

Ginger Campbell, MD

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• Planta Sapiens: The New Science of Plant Intelligence  by Paco Calvo

• Paco Calvo (University of Mercia, Spain)

• Gagliano, M., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Borbély, A. A., Grimonprez, M., & Depczynski, M. (2016). Learning by Association in Plants. Scientific reports, 6, 38427. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38427

• The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants, by Charles Darwin (1875)

• The Power of Movement in Plants, by Charles Darwin (1880)

• Please visit http://brainsciencepodcast.com for additional references and episode transcripts.

Announcements:

• The Brain Science mobile app has been relaunched in iOS as the Brain Science Podcast app. Be sure to download this new version to avoid the crashing of the old app. (I am not sure if the problem has effected Android users.)

• Support Brain Science via Patreon. If you pledge at least $10 per month you will get  Are You Sure? The Unconscious Origins of Certainty by Virginia "Ginger" Campbell, MD. 

• Contact Dr. Campbell if you are interested a listener meet-up or sponsoring a talk by Dr. Campbell during her trip to Europe on April 10, 2023.

• Please subscribe or follow Brain Science in your favorite audio app and please share it with others.

• Get free gift "5 Things You Need to Know about YOUR Brain when you sign up for the free Brain ScienceNewsletter to get show notes automatically every month. You can also text brainscience to 55444 to sign up.

• Check out the Brain Science podcast channel on YouTube

• Learn more ways to support Brain Science at http://brainsciencepodcast.com/donations

Connect on Social Media:

• Twitter: @docartemis

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Contact Dr. Campbell:

• Email: [email protected]

BS 205 Guy Caldwell, PhD: (part 2) Molecular Biology and Neuroscience

Ginger Campbell, MD

Guy caldwell (click to play audio, r Click to download mp3)

BS 205 is a follow-up interview with molecular biologist Dr. Guy Caldwell we learn more about how the tools of molecular biology are used to unravel questions in neurobiology and provide hope for better treatments for problems like Parkinson's Disease.

We learn about how gene editing techniques are used test the effects of single nucleotide changes in the neurons of the roundworm C. Elegans. This is possible because humans and C. Elegans share many genes. This makes it possible to economically explore a wide range of possibilities.

Dr. Caldwell’s lab at the University of Alabama provides a unique opportunity for undergraduates to participate in meaningful research and near the end of this interview he also share the accomplishments of several of his students.

Listen now

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Listen in your Favorite Audio app: Audible, Amazon music, Pandora, Spotify, YouTube and many more.Links and References:

• Guy Caldwell, PhD (University of Alabama)

  • LinkedIn 

  • BS 204 Encore of 2009 interview

• The Worm Shack

• Mew, M., Caldwell, K. A., & Caldwell, G. A. (2022). From bugs to bedside: functional annotation of human genetic variation for neurological disorders using invertebrate models. Human molecular genetics, 31(R1), R37–R46. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddac203

Announcements:

• Dr. Campbell  is moving to New Zealand, probably in May 2023.

• Please subscribe or follow Brain Science in your favorite audio app and please share it with others.

• Get free gift "5 Things You Need to Know about YOUR Brain when you sign up for the free Brain ScienceNewsletter to get show notes automatically every month. You can also text brainscience to 55444 to sign up.

• Check out the Brain Science podcast channel on YouTube

• Support Brain Science by buying Are You Sure? The Unconscious Origins of Certainty by Virginia "Ginger" Campbell, MD. (Autographed copies are available)

• Check out the free Brain Science Mobile app for iOS, Android, and Windows. (It's a great way to get both new episodes and premium content.)

Connect on Social Media:

• Twitter: @docartemis

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Contact Dr. Campbell:

• Email: [email protected]