المصادر

https://hraf.yale.edu/teach-ehraf/relative-and-absolute-dating-methods-in-archaeology/

https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/what-is-carbon-14-dating

https://crowcanyon.org/education/learn-about-archaeology/archaeological-dating/

https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/dating

https://www.sciencefacts.net/weak-nuclear-force.html

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/isotopes/

https://geology.com/rocks/tuff.shtml

https://journals.openedition.org/quaternaire/8003

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/lines-of-evidence/distribution-in-time-and-space/chronology/

https://ncse.ngo/answers-creationist-attacks-carbon-14-dating

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17781758/

المصادر

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-trunk-of-the-Y-chromosome-haplogroup-tree-and-illustrated-people-with-the-relevant_fig3_237015791

https://www.yourdnaguide.com/ydgblog/haplogroup-map-world-ydna-mtdna

https://you.23andme.com/reports/paternal_haplogroup/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhOYxbsifkI

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/chromosome/

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/howmanychromosomes/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Estimated_somatic_mutation_rates_scaling_with_size.jpg

https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/why-are-most-asians-lactose-intolerant.html

https://vividmaps.com/blood-types/

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/haplotype

https://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2015/10/genetic-variation-in-human-populations.html

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pattern-of-genetic-diversity-in-worldwide-human-populations-The-distribution-of-STR_fig3_303388742

http://atlasofhumanevolution.com/HomoSapiens.asp

https://www.txhealthsteps.com/static/warehouse/1076-2011-Dec-28-29c522sjk234xj14rp86/section_1.html

المصادر

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-trunk-of-the-Y-chromosome-haplogroup-tree-and-illustrated-people-with-the-relevant_fig3_237015791

https://www.yourdnaguide.com/ydgblog/haplogroup-map-world-ydna-mtdna

https://you.23andme.com/reports/paternal_haplogroup/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhOYxbsifkI

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/chromosome/

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/howmanychromosomes/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Estimated_somatic_mutation_rates_scaling_with_size.jpg

https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/why-are-most-asians-lactose-intolerant.html

https://vividmaps.com/blood-types/

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/haplotype

https://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2015/10/genetic-variation-in-human-populations.html

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pattern-of-genetic-diversity-in-worldwide-human-populations-The-distribution-of-STR_fig3_303388742

http://atlasofhumanevolution.com/HomoSapiens.asp

https://www.txhealthsteps.com/static/warehouse/1076-2011-Dec-28-29c522sjk234xj14rp86/section_1.html

المصادر

https://www.ocduk.org/overcoming-ocd/medication/how-ssri-work/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28234/

https://www.guilfordcountync.gov/Home/Components/News/News/2446/

https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-serotonin.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin

https://www.spiritpharmacist.com/blog/serotoninintro

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/9/2288

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT_receptor

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361016/

المصادر

https://www.space.com/bouncing-universe-big-bang

https://physicsworld.com/a/inside-penroses-universe/

https://phys.org/news/2015-12-big-theory.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_neutrino_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://physicsfeed.com/post/big-bang-origin-universe/

https://www.space.com/dark-matter-ancient-galaxy-detection

https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-galaxies-early-universe-first-light

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/galaxy-clusters-reveal-new-dark-matter-insights

https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2020/03/13/5-thing-we-know-about-dark-matter-and-5-we-dont/?sh=6a2966a536f8

https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy

https://www.universetoday.com/123701/timeline-of-the-universe-from-the-big-bang-to-the-death-of-our-sun/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future

https://d32ogoqmya1dw8.cloudfront.net/files/mel/prof_dev/origins_universe_bamel.pdf

https://webarchive.gemini.edu/project/announcements/press/2004-13.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation

المصادر

https://interestingengineering.com/science/block-universe-theory-is-the-passing-of-time-an-illusion

https://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/special_relativity.html

http://thescienceexplorer.com/universe/researchers-can-now-see-inside-black-hole

https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_blackholes_singularities.html

المصادر

Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death By Nick Lane

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdxH9cnJbRQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrEr_AnSsGs

https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a39454249/how-was-the-moon-formed/

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_%28Boundless%29/04%3A_Cell_Structure_of_Bacteria_Archaea_and_Eukaryotes/4.04%3A_Cell_Walls_of_Prokaryotes/4.4A%3A_The_Cell_Wall_of_Bacteria

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5g55ogdvW8

المصادر

المصادر

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOb8nYGHlT4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bySp0XRr2O0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9W005V6OV_E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBJHBWAe74Y

http://atlasofhumanevolution.com

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/apr/10/new-species-of-ancient-human-homo-luzonensis-discovered-in-philippines-cave

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1067-9

https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-habilis

https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/homo-erectus-our-ancient-ancestor.html

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2019.0424

https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-neanderthalensis

https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/australopithecus-afarensis-lucy-species.html

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1513-8

https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-anamensis

https://www.science.org/content/article/ancient-dna-puts-face-mysterious-denisovans-extinct-cousins-neanderthals

https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2021/march/fossil-evidence-of-southern-denisovans-yet-to-be-found.html

https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/homo-floresiensis-making-sense-of-the-small-91387735/

https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/ardipithecus-kadabba

https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-11/1%20Glacial-Interglacial%20Cycles-Final-OCT%202021.pdf

المصادر

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9QJMpJ9tD0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating

https://www.astronomy.com/science/asteroid-dust-found-at-chicxulub-crater-confirms-cause-of-dinosaurs-extinction/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinerpeton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrodon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procynosuchus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukJfEt0Jh6E

https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-human-biology/section/7.2/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiadapiformes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptopithecus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZSE0BicoRs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul_(mammal)

https://natmus.humboldt.edu/exhibits/life-through-time/visual-timeline/neogene-period