To understand Paul's argument in Romans 9-11, especially in chapter 11, we need to have proper understanding of Israel, God's dealings with them in the past, the present and the future. Here are four key points: 1. Biblically speaking, Israel is the elect nation of God comprised primarily of the physical descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. They were a privileged people blessed to be in a relationship with God and to be the vehicle through whom the Messiah would come. (Romans 9:4) 2. What God is doing with Israel in connection to the world is complicated. (Romans 11:33-36) 3.What God is doing with Israel in connection to the world is a revealed mystery. (Romans 11:25) 4. The Church must cultivate healthy thinking about Israel avoiding both Animosity or Arrogance. (Romans 11:18-23/25)