Case By Concept

In this week, the final episode of the season! Join Tiggy and James for the last time in 2026 as they explore bias, tell a story about Tiggy's dad and learn exactly how a dangerous serial killer was caught by a plumber.

https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/hindsight-bias

https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2025-76722-001.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S2009382925000025

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2025-22412-001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211368113000028

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn09ekv194wo

https://www.forcesnews.com/heritage/history/serial-killer-dennis-nilsen-and-his-career-army

https://medium.com/behind-local-news-uk/remembering-the-victim-not-the-killer-weeklys-special-front-marks-tragic-events-of-1978-2e43ea9c836c

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/mar/28/theobserver.uknews4

https://crimeandcoffeecouple.com/2022/08/08/serial-killer-dennis-nilsen/

https://crimeandcoffeecouple.com/2022/08/08/serial-killer-dennis-nilsen/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Nilsen

https://www.biography.com/crime/dennis-nilsen

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/dennis-nilsen-seemed-normal-taught-serial-killers-can-look-sound/

https://criminalminds.fandom.com/wiki/Dennis_Nilsen

https://www.businessinsider.com/denis-nilsen-cranley-gardens-muswell-hill-flat-on-sale-for-300000-2015-6

This week, Tiggy and James talk about the amygdala, the band Biffy Clyro and a case that just baffles everyone around them.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24894-amygdala

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6640871/

https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/02/criminal-mind

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-20668100

https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/crime/22535305.father-cannot-understand-sons-hammer-attack-wife-home-arminghall/

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-21198156

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/lifestyle/article-14546689/heartbreaking-true-story-inspired-Ask-Angela-campaign.html

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd6v1e224x0o

https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/crime/21100489.arminghall-murder-trial-husband-calm-killing-wife-angela-crompton/

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-20733450

In this week's episode, a sensitive topic that we feel needs to be talked about more in today's culture. Misogyny is still rife, and by telling this story, we might convince even one person to take action where they might otherwise have not.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misogyny

https://medium.com/@mario_ferrera/the-psychology-of-female-self-doubt-and-internalized-sexism-11211b307736

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8207292/

https://victimscommissioner.org.uk/document/women-and-equalities-committees-inquiry-misogyny-the-manosphere-and-online-content-evidence-submission/

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prevent-duty-guidance

https://metro.co.uk/2025/08/21/southport-killer-axel-rudakubana-wins-back-prison-perks-attacking-guard-boiling-water-23959062/

https://www.itv.com/news/granada/2025-05-12/calls-for-kettle-prison-ban-after-southport-killer-alleged-attack

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5y7g01682go

https://www.cps.gov.uk/mersey-cheshire/news/teenager-jailed-killing-three-children-dance-class-and-trying-kill-ten

https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/axel-rudakubana-cardiff-banks-rwanda-liverpool-crown-court-b1205932.html#:~:text=The teenager who carried out,death, it has now emerged.

https://www.nationalreview.com/2025/07/scene-from-a-horror-film-the-southport-stabbing-spree-one-year-later/amp/

https://basw.co.uk/about-social-work/psw-magazine/articles/extremism-or-violent-misogyny-social-work-response-axel

https://www.ourstreetsnow.org/blog/violent-misogyny-at-the-heart-of-the-southport-attacks-is-still-being-ignored#:~:text=Culture

On today's episode, experience a blow by blow of the UK riots back in 2011, and find out how it links to the concept of deindividuation.

https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-deindividuation.html

https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/aggression-evaluating-deindividuation?srsltid=AfmBOoo7pbqHaxchQ5KajUfzs8MroS6bd5d99oPpK5A4dUUBCavenDRw#:~:text=This research demonstrates that when,likely to undertake aggressive acts.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167286122005

https://achology.com/psychology/the-dark-side-of-human-behavior-the-impact-of-the-zimbardo-deindividuation-study/?srsltid=AfmBOooUuMffo1X91Z9JMxNfaZUpIYJu8yxH1ayCUoIt0M51DeYU9OnO

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9339540/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378720625001144

https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-mark-duggan

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-18612054

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14436499

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-58058031

https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn06099/

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-18901922

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/07/twitter-riots-how-news-spread

https://ciceros.org/2021/11/06/the-england-2011-riots-when-britain-descended-into-anarchy/

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jan/08/mark-duggan-mother-speaks-of-anger

This week, listen to the harrowing tale of Shafilea Ahmed, and find out how this links to the concept of the Level of Moral Reasoning.

https://www.verywellmind.com/kohlbergs-theory-of-moral-development-2795071#:~:text=Key Takeaways,ethical reasoning about universal principles.

https://kar.kent.ac.uk/36177/1/Moral Reasoning Theory and Illegal Behaviour by People with Intellectual Disabilities.pdf

https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00363.x

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11167422/

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19480160

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-18144095

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/aug/03/shafilea-ahmed-life-death-timeline#:~:text=and death – timeline-,This article is more than 13 years old,taken in by social services.

https://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2012-08-03/a-timeline-of-key-events-in-the-death-of-shafilea

https://www.westyorkshire.police.uk/advice/relationships/national-day-remembrance-honour-based-violence-shafilea-ahmed-story/national-day-remembrance-honour-based-violence-shafilea-ahmed-story

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Shafilea_Ahmed

https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/JCO/Documents/Judgments/alesha-ahmed-sentencing-remarks-16112012.pdf

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19068490

https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/search/2/film?phrase=shafilea+ahmed&tracked_gsrp_landing=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gettyimages.co.uk%2Fvideos%2Fshafilea-ahmed

This week's episode focuses on the concept of Disinhibition and the strange case of Stefan Pakeerah. James gets vocal about the role of video games in violent behaviour, and Tiggy nods a lot.

https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/topics/disinhibition-aggression?srsltid=AfmBOoqcfGyzI-ghcbvLI7pbOHYU7W_-bk3kVioJ_BzAhlEU9rdXt5rM

https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15257832/

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1459696/full

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3700923/

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/sep/03/ukcrime

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-51723031

https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/murder-game-withdrawn-6968880.html

https://murderpedia.org/male.L/l/leblanc-warren.htm#google_vignette

Enjoy James' editing skills as you listen to the start of this episode! We cover the concept of Fight or Flight and the extraordinary tale of Susan Kuhnhausen.

https://www.simplypsychology.org/fight-flight-freeze-fawn.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128009512000042

https://www.betterup.com/blog/what-is-the-fight-or-flight-response

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235224001181#:~:text=In the context of anti,improving the effectiveness of policing.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335055070_Fight_or_Flight_Integral_emotions_and_violent_intentions

https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2014/06/portlander_who_hired_hitman_to.html

https://www.wweek.com/news/2016/08/17/a-hit-man-came-to-kill-susan-kuhnhausen-she-survived-he-didnt/

https://allthatsinteresting.com/susan-kuhnhausen

https://blurredbylines.com/articles/susan-kuhnhausen-walters-survivor-hitman-portland/

https://blurredbylines.com/articles/susan-kuhnhausen-walters-survivor-hitman-portland/

https://morbidology.com/susan-kuhnhausen-killed-the-hitman-sent-to-kill-her/

On this episode of Case By Concept, Tiggy and James discuss the concept of parasomnia, and how it has affected multiple people in the real world.

https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6402728/#:~:text=Introduction and background,than in the adult population.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079224001473

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12133-parasomnias--disruptive-sleep-disorders#symptoms-and-causes

https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/parasomnias-what-psychiatrists-need-know

http://resource.download.wjec.co.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/vtc/2016-17/16-17_1-7/wjec/eng/unit3-substantive-law/criminal-law/defences/Insanity Sleepwalker Case WJEC.pdf

https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/5791564.accussed-told-of-finding-fathers-battered-body/

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1964/84/body/enacted?view=plain

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/mar/19/janeperrone?CMP=gu_com

https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/the-minds-of-sleepwalking-killers

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-11998813

https://murderpedia.org/male.F/f/frasersimon.htm

https://news.sky.com/story/i-was-sleepwalking-can-you-kill-someone-while-youre-asleep-13141346

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-11998813.amp

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-11998813.amp

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-11998813.amp

Today's concept comes from the world of attachment theory. Tiggy and James discuss whether maternal deprivation is somewhat outdated and the horrors of a truly intense case.

https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/bowlbys-theory-of-maternal-deprivation?srsltid=AfmBOopWe-6sruPOo4DXiGB_WqaUI-BjWi8in_YvwzL9P_xkZ4hNP9Xb

https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/attachment-romanian-orphan-studies?srsltid=AfmBOop3W-55cyjaW0s9c1uqEzntrCx5ngWhIyDO5l7xVNHXv61YPgVE

https://mds.marshall.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=msjcj

https://www.biography.com/crime/samuel-little#early-life

https://www.dps.texas.gov/news/new-details-released-unsolved-samuel-little-murders

https://www.dps.texas.gov/news/new-details-released-unsolved-samuel-little-murders

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-46384197.amp

https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/samuel-little-serial-killer/part-two/

This week's episode has a slightly different concept, in the sense that it is medical. However, researchers in the psychology field have found it super fascinating and are using fMRIs to figure out all sorts of questions surrounding the brain. We relate fMRIs to the strange case of Brian Dugan, who was the first to use this type of scan in a criminal case.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/25034-functional-mri-fmri

https://www.med.wisc.edu/news/psychopaths-brains-differences-structure-function/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763424003737

https://www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk/divisions/fmrib/what-is-fmri/introduction-to-fmri

https://academic.oup.com/scan/article/1/2/158/2362915

https://murderpedia.org/male.D/d/dugan-brian-james.htm

https://law.stanford.edu/2009/12/14/neuroscience-and-sentencing-diminished-culpability-and-capacity-for-change/

https://www.science.org/content/article/fmri-evidence-used-murder-sentencing

https://www.criminallawlibraryblog.com/fmri_evidence_used_in_murder_sentencing/

https://www.dailyherald.com/20091105/news/strange-mind-of-a-killer-researcher-says-dugan-rare-psychopath/

https://www.steme.org/post/science-behind-psychopathy

https://www.nature.com/articles/464340a