In this episode, we discuss dot-and-cross diagrams as a method for visualising covalent bonds, which involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Atoms form these bonds to achieve a full outer electron shell, typically containing eight electrons.

Single covalent bonds consist of one shared electron pair, as seen in chlorine (Cl₂) and water (H₂O), while double and triple covalent bonds involve two and three shared pairs, respectively, with oxygen (O₂) exhibiting a double bond.

These multiple bonds are generally stronger and require more energy to break than single bonds.

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