Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

Welcome to this edition of China Lifestyle Journeys, the series that brings you chats, discussions and insights on all aspects of Chinese living. We will cover festivals, food, traditions, customs and much, much more. I’m your host Jocelyn… and I’m Mat, just an English guy with lots of questions.

So, Mat, what’s your big question today?

(Mat) 

Hello and welcome to another episode of China Lifestyle Journeys. Today, we are exploring the fascinating world of Traditional Chinese Medicine, also known as TCM.  Now, I don’t know much about TCM, but I do know that it has been practiced in China for thousands of years, but apart from that, I don’t really know anything else. So Jocelyn, where should we start with this topic?

(Jocelyn) 

OK, so let’s start with the basics. TCM is an ancient traditional system of healthcare that considers the overall connection between the body, mind, and spirit. Instead of just treating individual symptoms or diseases, TCM focuses on promoting overall well-being and restoring balance in all aspects of life.  

To better understand this, let’s take an example. Imagine someone experiencing frequent headaches. In standard Western medicine, the focus would be on finding a specific treatment for the headache, such as painkillers. However, in TCM, the doctor (or practitioner as they are sometimes called) would take a step back and look at the person as a whole. They would consider various factors like the person’s lifestyle, diet, emotions, and even the environment they are in.

For instance, the headaches could be seen as a sign of an imbalance in the body’s energy flow, or Qi (气). The TCM practitioner may explore different techniques, like acupuncture or herbal remedies, to restore the flow of Qi and bring the body back into harmony. They might also suggest lifestyle changes, such as stress management techniques or dietary adjustments, to address underlying factors that could be contributing to the headaches.

(Mat) 

OK, I think I understand this, the TCM doctor is trying to improve my overall health, so that I won’t get any more headaches in the future. But what if I just want the headaches to be cured now, today? I don’t want to wait around for a long time, trying to improve my overall health. I just want... Can you get rid of this headache? Please help me. Can TCM help me in this situation?

(Jocelyn) 

Of course, that’s the great thing about TCM. It can certainly help with immediate symptom relief, like your headache.  But the main focus is on long-term well-being, so a lot of TCM treatments like acupuncture, herbal remedies, and other modalities aim to help with immediate concerns while also considering the underlying imbalances for lasting results. So basically, in the future, you’ll get less headaches. In essence, TCM recognizes that our well-being is influenced by multiple factors and aims to address the root causes of imbalances rather than just alleviating symptoms. Some people describe this as a more holistic approach to healthcare.

(Mat) 

OK, so now that I have a better understanding of TCM’s approach to helping with overall well-being. I’m quite interested and curious about the specific concepts and methods that form the foundations of TCM. What are these key principles that I’ve heard about orsome kind of beliefs that guide TCM practices? Or to put it in a really simple question, how does it work?

(Jocelyn) 

That’s a great question! TCM is based on two important ideas: Qi and Yin-Yang. Qi is like a special energy that flows through our bodies and keeps us healthy. TCM treatments focus on making sure this energy flows smoothly to keep us balanced. Yin and Yang are like opposites that need to be in harmony. Yin is connected to things like darkness and rest, while Yang is connected to light and activity. TCM practitioners use these ideas to understand and treat imbalances in the body. Their goal is to bring everything back into balance and help us stay healthy.

(Mat) 

Wow, it sounds a bit complicated now. I think I get the part about Qi and energy, because I think we’ve talked about that in another episode. But this Yin and Yang? Light and dark? I don’t really get what you’re talking about here. I think you’ll need to explain it with an example.

(Jocelyn) 

OK, let me try to put it in a simple example. In TCM, Yin and Yang represent two opposite forces that need to be in balance within our bodies. Think of someone who has trouble sleeping, finding it hard to fall asleep and feeling restless at night. This imbalance is like having too much of the active and warm Yang energy. To restore some balance, TCM may suggest introducing more calming and cooling Yin elements. This can be achieved by practicing relaxation techniques like meditation or drinking special herbal teas known for their soothing effects. The goal is to find a balance between Yin and Yang energies to promote better sleep and overall health.

(Mat) 

OK, it’s starting to make more sense now. It actually sounds like quite a natural way of healing, combined with some good philosophy.You know what? I think I might try it next time I’ve gota headache.

Well, that’s it for today. We hope you enjoyed this episode, thanks for listening. We hope to see you again next time. Until then, goodbye. Stay wise.

中国古代科学内容丰富。随着时代的发展，其中大多数已经融入了现代科学体系。而目前仍然自成体系并且拥有强大生命力的，当属中医药学。

中医药学是利用中国古代的阴阳五行体系，来说明人体的生理现象和病理变化，阐明其中的关系并进行诊疗的学科。

中医的生理病理学以五脏六腑、经络气血为基础展开。中医的五脏六腑是人体脏器的总称。“五脏”包括肝、心、脾、肺、肾。

肝的主要功能是疏泄和藏血。疏泄是指肝可以疏通全身之气，使身气和畅，情绪稳定。藏血是指肝可以贮藏血液和调节血量，防止出血。

心主血脉和神明。心脏与血脉密切相连，调控着全身血液的运行。同时，心脏主管思维、感觉、记忆等与意识相关的活动。

脾的主要功能是运化水谷和统血摄血。运化水谷指的是脾将食物消化吸收，转化为营养物质，以供养全身。统血摄血则是控制血液在脉中正常运行，防止出血。

肺的主要功能是呼吸和治节。呼吸功能很好理解，指的是肺控制着呼吸的节奏和深度，进行外部氧气和机体产生的二氧化碳的交换。治节指的是肺调节全身的气机，与皮毛相应，使人体各部分的功能相互协调。

肾主藏精和生长发育。藏精指的是肾贮藏精气，以供养全身。生长发育则是控制人体的生长、发育和生殖能力。人体的精气有两种，一种是先天之精，受之父母，是人体的根本；另一种是后天之精，主要是脾胃从人体摄入中转化的各种营养物质，是维持人体精力体力的重要基础。肾主水、主骨，生髓、生发，肾脏虚亏会导致精气神不足 。

六腑包括胃、胆、小肠、大肠、膀胱、三焦。六腑的功能是受盛和传化水谷。“水谷”即饮用水和谷物，通俗地说，就是人体摄入各种水和食物，然后六腑接受、运输和转化这些营养能量。

胃的主要功能是分解和消化食物。胆的主要功能是排泄胆汁，帮助消化和代谢。小肠的主要功能是消化和吸收食物中的营养物质 。大肠的主要功能是吸收经过小肠消化后的食物残渣，吸收多余水分，将身体的废弃物排出体外。膀胱的主要功能是贮存和排泄尿液。

三焦分为上、中、下三焦。上焦是心肺，中焦是脾胃，下焦是肝、胆、肾、膀胱、大小肠等。三焦是人体运行的主要通道，三焦负责疏通全身气节，调节全身气、血、津液的运行，促进人体的新陈代谢。如果三焦不通，会出现气、水液代谢异常。

五脏和六腑互为表里，密不可分。而串联起五脏六腑的桥梁就是经络。它们通过经络系统连成一体，共同完成各种生理活动。例如，肝与胆相表里，肝的疏泄可以促进胆的排泄胆汁，所以成语中才有“肝胆相照”的说法；脾与胃相表里，相辅相成，互相制约和依存，因此我们在日常生活中往往将“脾胃”连起来说；肾与膀胱相表里，肾的气化作用可以促进膀胱的贮尿和排尿。

中医的诊疗主要包括诊断和辩证两个方面，望闻问切是中医诊断疾病的最基本方法。

望诊就是尽可能详细地观察病人的面色、舌苔、表情神情、体态姿态等外部特征，获取有用的身体信息和病情状况，为后续的诊疗提供依据。

闻诊包括两个方面，一是听声音，包括听病人的呼吸声、咳嗽声、喘息声等；二是闻味道。闻病人口腔的气味、身体的体味以及腋下的味道等。通过听和嗅取得的病情信息可以和望诊了解的信息相结合，以便医者进一步判断。

问诊，顾名思义就是问询。医者会详细地询问病人身体感觉、症状、既往病史、家族病史、遗传病等情况获取病情资料。通过询问，医者可以初步确定用药方案和禁忌。

切诊的“切”就是通过亲自接触病人身体来判断症状。最基本的切诊方法就是切脉，观察病人的脉象是否平稳。更进一步的切诊方法是用手接触病人感到不适的身体部位，比如腹部疼痛的病人，可以轻轻按压腹部，找到他具体疼痛的位置，判断患处有没有硬块等等。切诊相比其他三种诊断方法，更偏向内部，主要用来了解病人的气血运行状况和内部器官的状况。

对病人病情有了基本的了解之后，医者就可以对患者的证候作出初步判断了，这个过程就是辩证。中医将病人的证候分为阴阳、表里、寒热、虚实四组八类，统称“八纲”。

慢性、抑制性的疾病属于阴证。病情较急、代谢旺盛的属于阳证。

同时存在发热、恶寒症状，且脉象浮弱、舌苔无明显变化的属于表证。出现单一的发热或恶寒症状，且脉象较沉、舌苔改变明显的属于里证。

寒证则分为外寒和内寒。外寒指的是寒邪侵袭引起的恶寒、发热、脉象浮紧等证状；内寒指的是阳气虚衰导致脏腑功能减弱，主要表现为面色苍白、肢体寒冷等。外感热邪或阴虚阳盛所表现出的生理亢奋、热躁，属于热证。

人体正气衰弱，五脏功能减退表现出的证候，如气短、心悸等，属于虚证。患者因疾病出现的痰多、气喘、腹痛等属于实证。

通过望、闻、问、切四诊初步了解患者病情之后，医者再根据疾病性质、疾病发生部位及深浅等情况综合分析和辨别疾病的证候，并根据患者表现的证候进行对证治疗。

中医，不仅是治疗疾病、维护身心健康的重要宝库，更是世界各国人民认识和了解中华文化的重要窗口。展望未来，中医将继续发挥其独特的价值，为人类的健康和幸福作出更大的贡献。

Tai Chi

Welcome to this edition of China Lifestyle Journeys, the series that brings you chats, discussions and insights on all aspects of Chinese living. We will cover festivals, food, traditions, customs and much, much more. I’m your host Jocelyn… and I’m Mat, just an English guy with lots of questions.

So, Mat, what’s your big question today?

(Mat) 

Hello and welcome to another episode of our show. Today, we’ll be looking at the mysterious world of Tai Chi, a Chinese martial art1 that has becomevery popular all around the world. Now, I have to admit, I don’t know much about Tai Chi, actually before I came to China, I had seen people doing it in my hometown in London in the mornings. Sometimes you see old people doing it in parks in London really early in the morning. Then I came to China, I saw lots of old people doing Tai Chi in parks inChina in the morning. So you can probably guess my first question, before we look at the history in the details. What’s the thing with parks? Why do people always seem tobe doing Tai Chi in parks?

(Jocelyn) 

Ok, I guess that’s a good question to begin with, so Tai Chi and parks, what’s the connection? Tai Chi is often practiced in public parks in China (and in other countries) because it provides a peaceful and natural environment that helps people relaxed. Relaxation andmeditation2 are important features of Tai Chi (and we’ll talk more about this later). Also, the peaceful and natural surroundings of parks provide an ideal setting for Tai Chi practice, as they create a sense of connection with nature (another important aspect of Tai Chi). And of course, in most cities, it’s easy to find a local park and they're usually free to use. That’s why Tai Chi is commonly practiced in parks.

(Mat) 

OK, that makes sense, so it sounds like Tai Chi is more than just a physical exercise. You just mentioned relaxation, meditation and a connection with nature. Can you tell me more about these aspects of Tai Chi?

(Jocelyn)  

Absolutely, Mat. Tai Chi is more than just a physical experience; it’s also a way of promoting3 mental and spiritual well-being. And the practice involves slow, flowing movements that are coordinated with4 deep breathing and focused attention. And this combination of movement, breathing, and mindfulness can help us to reduce stress and anxiety, improve mental clarity and focus, and enhance overall feelings of calm and relaxation. Tai Chi is also sometimes described as a moving meditation, because the focus is on being present andletting go of5 distracting thoughts. And as for the connection with nature, many of the movements in Tai Chi are inspired by animals or natural elements, such as trees or water. Practicing Tai Chi in a natural setting can help to deepen this connection and enhance the overall experience.

(Mat)  

That's quite fascinating. So, if someone wanted to start practicing Tai Chi, wherewould they start? Is there any special equipment or clothing they need?

(Jocelyn) 

Ok, so if someone is interested in starting to practice Tai Chi, I would recommend finding a local Tai Chi class or teacher. Tai Chi is best learned through practice and guidance from an experienced instructor6. And you can ask around in your local community or search online for Tai Chi classes near you. When you find a class, just wear comfortable clothing (like something you’d wear for jogging) and comfortable shoes and of course, bring an open mind. Tai Chi is accessible to7 people of all ages and fitness levels8, so don’t worry if you’ve never done it before. Just be patient with yourself and enjoy the experience of learning something new.

(Mat) 

Now there's one thing I really don't understand. Sometimes Tai Chi is described as a martial art, a traditional form of fighting, like Kung Fu or Chinese boxing9. But when I see those people in the park, doing their slow relaxing movements, as you said earlier, inspired by animals or natural elements, such as trees or water – it doesn’t really look like fighting to me.

(Jocelyn) 

I understand your confusion, Mat. Tai Chi is indeed a martial art, but it’s a unique form of martial art that focuses on defence rather than attack. The slow movements that you see in the park are just one aspect of Tai Chi, which are used to cultivate internal strength and balance10, but Tai Chi also includes more dynamic movements and self-defence techniques that are used in combat11 situations (but you don’t usually see these being practiced in parks). But for most people, it’s all about fitness and well-being, relaxation and meditation.

(Mat) 

Now, I think I've heard the expression ‘Tai Chi Master12’ before, ‘He’s a Tai Chi Master.’ – now I know that in some martial arts, like Japanesekarate13, there are different coloured belts, and black belt means Master. So what about Tai Chi? How do you become a Tai Chi Master? Is there some kind ofgrading system14?

(Jocelyn) 

Actually, there isn’t a standard grading system for Tai Chi, like in some martial arts. In Tai Chi, the mastery15 of the art is often judged by one’s experience, skill and understanding of the principles of Tai Chi. Usually, someone is considered a Tai Chi Master after many years of dedicated practice and experience. It’s a title that’s earned through hard work, dedication and deep understanding of the art.

Well, that’s it for today. We hope you enjoyed this episode, thanks for listening. We hope to see you again next time. Until then, goodbye. Stay wise.

Key words and expressions:

1. Chinese martial art 中国武术

Chinese martial art, often called Kung Fu, is a traditional fighting system from China that combines physical techniques like kicks, punches, and forms with mental and spiritual aspects for self-defence and personal development.

e.g. He had been practicing Chinese martial art for years, mastering various forms and techniques to become a skilled fighter.他已经练习了多年的中国武术，掌握了各种招式和技巧，成为了一名熟练的武者。

2.  meditation n. [C or U] /ˌmedɪˈteɪʃən/ 默念，冥想

the act of giving your attention to only one thing, either as a religious activity or as a way of becoming calm and relaxed

e.g. prayer and meditation

          祈祷与冥想

3. promote v. /prəˈməʊt/促进, 推广

to encourage people to like, buy, use, do, or support something

e.g. The government is actively working to promote Chinese culture around the world through initiatives like cultural exchange programs. 政府正在积极通过文化交流计划等举措来推广中国文化，使其传播到世界各地。

4. coordinate with…  相配，协调

to match or look attractive together

e.g. The bed linen coordinates with the bedroom curtains.床单和卧室的窗帘很相配。

5.let go of 放开，放手

to stop holding something or someone

e.g. He let go ofher hand and ran across the street. 他放开了她的手，跑过马路。

6.  instructor n. /ɪnˈstrʌktər/ 教练

a person whose job is to teach people a practical skill

e.g. a driving / ski / swimming instructor 驾驶／滑雪／游泳教练

7.  be accessible to 可进入的，可接近的；可得到的

able to be reached or easily got

e.g. The internet has made it possible for people all over the world to be accessible to Chinese culture through online courses, cultural forums, and virtual museum tours.互联网使得全世界的人们通过在线课程、文化论坛和虚拟博物馆参观变得更加容易，从而能够接触到中国的文化。

8. fitness levels 体能水平

“Fitness levels” is the term used to describe a person's physical health and capability.

e.g. His fitness levels improved significantly after months of regular exercise and a balanced diet.在经过几个月的定期锻炼和均衡饮食后，他的健康水平显著提高了。

9. Chinese boxing中国拳法

“Chinese boxing” is a term that refers to traditional Chinese martial arts or combat systems, which include various styles and techniques such as Tai Chi. These martial arts emphasize physical control, technique, and often incorporate principles of internal energy.

e.g. Chinese boxing, also known as Kung Fu, is a traditional martial art practiced for self-defense and physical fitness. 中国拳法，又称功夫，是一种传统的武术，用于自卫和身体健康的练习。

10.  internal strength and balance 内在力量和平衡

“Internal strength and balance” refers to the physical and mental qualities that promote stability, poise, and resilience from within a person’s body and mind.

e.g. Practicing yoga regularly can help improve one’s internal strength and balance, both physically and mentally. 定期练习瑜伽无论是在身体上还是在精神上都可以帮助提高一个人的内在力量和平衡。

11. combat n. [C or U] /ˈkɒmbæt/ 战斗，搏斗

a fight, especially during a war

e.g. There was fierce combat between the two sides. 双方展开了激烈的战斗。

12. Tai Chi Master 太极宗师，太极大师

A Tai Chi Master is an expert in the ancient Chinese martial art of Tai Chi, known for its flowing movements and holistic health benefits. These Masters are respected for their deep knowledge and skill in promoting physical and mental well-being through Tai Chi practice.

e.g. The Tai Chi Master gracefully demonstrated the art's fluid movements, leaving the audience in awe of his skill and poise.太极大师优雅地展示了这门艺术的流畅动作，令观众对他的技巧和风度赞叹不已。

13. karate n. [U] /kəˈrɑːti/ 空手道

a sport, originally from Japan, in which people fight using their arms, legs, hands, and feet. The level of skill a person has is shown by what colour belt they wear.

e.g. She has been practicing karate for five years and recently earned her black belt. 她已经练习空手道五年，最近获得了黑带。

14. grading system评级制度

A grading system is a way to assess and score individuals' performance, commonly in education, using letters, numbers, or symbols to indicate their level of achievement.

e.g. The university uses a letter-based grading system, with A being the highest grade for excellent performance and F indicating failure.该大学采用字母评分制度，其中A代表卓越的表现，是最高分，而F表示不及格

15.mastery  n. [U] /ˈmɑːstəri/ 完全的控制

complete control of something

e.g. her mastery of the violin她对局势的牢牢掌控

太极

太极是中国文化史上的一个重要概念。关于太极的含义，历来众说纷纭。其中最具影响力的是“混沌说”。

中国古代哲学观念认为，宇宙之初，阴阳未分，秩序尚未建立，这种状态被称为混沌。后来，宇宙有了阴阳的区分，形成了初步的秩序，但组成世界的各部分尚未独立，这种宇宙最原始的秩序状态被称为太极。

太极是易学的基本概念，《易经》中就有记载，“易有太极，始生两仪，两仪生四象，四象生八卦。”

两仪也就是阴、阳两种状态。四象则指是天空中的四大区域。古代天文学将天空分成东、北、西、南四个区域，称东方为苍龙象，北方为玄武象，西方为白虎象，南方为朱雀象，合称“四象”。

而八卦则指的是乾卦、坤卦、巽卦、震卦，坎卦、离卦、艮卦、兑卦。八卦分别代表了八个方位和八种事物。这八种事物是古代哲学中构成现实世界的基本元素，它们分别是：乾代表天，坤代表地，巽代表风，震代表雷，坎代表水，离代表火，兑表泽。

在《道德经》中，“道”被描述为是“太极”的初始形态，它是生命和宇宙的源泉。无论是《易经》还是《道德经》，“太极”实际上是古人最朴素的世界观，是他们对宇宙诞生最初形态的一种想象。

根据“太极”的哲学理念，历代哲学家们绘制了许多太极图来展示其理念，比如周敦颐太极图、先天太极图、古太极八卦图等等。其中，最知名且运用最广泛的，是先天太极图。

先天太极图，图案结构简单，由一个圆圈、两个圆点、两个黑白鱼图形组成，因此又被称为阴阳鱼图。我们现在则俗称它为“太极八卦图”。太极八卦图看似简单，实则蕴含着深刻的哲理。

首先，太极八卦图是以“圆”为基础元素。中国人偏爱“圆”，因为“圆”代表了“圆满”“团圆”。中国文化中有诸多“圆”，文人墨客赏月要等“圆月”，春节吃的年夜饭要称为“团圆饭”。

在中国传统建筑中，也有“圆”的美学。苏州园林中的洞和窗多为圆形，园中亭子也有不少为圆亭，在回环的曲线中感受江南烟雨的情致。福建客家土楼也是圆形，将民族风情融于建筑之中。完美展现古代工匠技艺的拱桥也是圆形的，并且历经千年不坏。圆没有棱角，仿佛将万物都承纳进去了，这是一种包容的哲学思想。这种思想也可以扩展为我们日常生活的处世原则——圆融。圆融不是圆滑，它是一种包容、理解和接纳的态度。金庸在《书剑恩仇录》里提到，“情深不寿，强极必辱，谦谦君子，温润如玉”。这便是对“圆融”的最好解释了。

太极图中的第二个元素是阴阳的对立统一。太极图中的黑鱼和白鱼分别代表阴和阳。事物都有两面性，很多时候我们往往只看到了其中一面，而忽视了它的另一面。比如，面对挑战，如果我们只看到其中难以解决的困难，却忽略背后的机遇，那我们便会畏缩不前，失去拥抱新生活的可能性。所以，挑战既意味着困难，也蕴含着新生。在一定情况下，坏事可能转变为好事，否（pǐ）极泰来；如果我们不珍惜福气和运气，好事也有可能变为坏事，乐极生悲。

“塞翁失马”的故事便是事物对立统一的最好体现。《淮南子》记载，传说在地势险要的边界地带，住着一位善于占卜、能够预测吉凶的老人。有一次，他家的马竟然越过边界，跑到胡人那里去了。遇到这样的不幸，人们都前来安慰他。这位老人却说：“谁知道这会不会是一件好事呢？”

过了几个月之后，这匹马竟然带着一匹胡人的骏马回来了。邻居都认为这是喜事。可是这位老人却说：“这为什么就不能算是一件坏事呢？”

老人的儿子喜欢骑马，由于家里添了新马，老人的儿子骑马的时间更多了。有一次，老人的儿子骑马的时候不小心从马上摔了下来，摔断了腿。人们感慨他家的不幸，又前来安慰。这位老人却又说：“说不定这是一件好事呢？”

过了一年，胡人大举进攻边境，青壮年男性都要作战。因为战事惨烈，很多人都战死了。老人的儿子因为腿瘸了，免于征战，父子双双幸存下来。

在塞翁失马的故事里，马的出现、消失引发了一系列连锁反应。马对塞翁一家的影响也在好与坏之间转换着，这便是“太极阴阳转化”思想的集中体现。正如老子说的：福兮祸之所倚，祸兮福之所伏。我们要保持一颗平常心，去面对人生的每一个难题。

除了以“圆”为基础元素，太极八卦图中黑白两鱼的鱼眼也是图中一个很重要的元素，可以分别看作黑鱼和白鱼的核心。一个事物有很多种元素组成，但不同部分的作用和意义不同。我们学习知识和技能，就是透过现象看本质，找到它的核心部分。通过核心问题的拆解，便能将事物的脉络梳理清楚，进而真正地理解。

太极哲学是中国古人了理解宇宙、自然、社会乃至自身的重要思维方式。太极圆融统一的哲学思想让中国文化具有强大的生命力和包容性，让中国人懂得“居安思危，未雨绸缪”，也让中国人在绝境中坚信“山穷水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村”。

Mid-Autumn Festival

Welcome to this edition of China Lifestyle Journeys, the series that brings you chats, discussions and insights on all aspects of Chinese living. We will cover festivals, food, traditions, customs and much, much more. I’m your host Jocelyn… and I’m Mat, just an English guy with lots of questions.

So, Mat, what’s your big question today?

(Mat) Hello and welcome again to another episode of China Lifestyle Journeys. As usual, in today’s episode we will be looking at one unique and interesting aspect of Chinese culture. Now as you can tell from the episode title,today we’re talking about Mid-Autumn festival. Now, personally, I’ve got to admit that I don’t know much about this festival, except that it’s in the autumn (in the middle ofautumn I think – because of the name) – and on this festival – I know that people eat mooncakes. So I guess thatwill be the best place to start with the origins. So Jocelyn, tell me something about the origins of this festival.

(Jocelyn) Sure, Mat. The Mid-Autumn Festival has its originsrooted in1 ancient Chinese traditions and beliefs. It dates back over 2,000 years and is closely tied to agricultural practices and the lunar calendar. The festival is celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, when the moon is believed to beat its fullest and brightest2. It was originally a time for people to give thanks for a successful harvest3, and to pray for the good fortune. Over time, it has evolved into a celebration of family reunion and the appreciation of the moon’s beauty. The festival has deep cultural significance and holds a special place in Chinese folklore and traditions.

(Mat) OK, so it’s linked to the lunar calendar, but you just made a point about“the appreciation of the moon’s beauty” – isn’t the moon like the same at any time of year? Is the moon more beautiful during this festival? And you know what’s the significance of the moon in this particular Mid-Autumn Festival?

(Jocelyn) OK, let me explain. While the moon itself may not physically change in its beauty throughout the year, its symbolism and significance during the Mid-Autumn Festival are what make it special. The full moon during this festival is seen as a symbol of unity, completeness, and family reunion. It represents harmony and serves as areminder4 of loved ones who may be far away. The moon’s round shape also signifies prosperity and good luck. During the festival, families and friends gather to admire the moon together, appreciating itsserene5 beauty and using it asa focal point6for storytelling, poetry, and heartfelt wishes7. The moon holds deep cultural and emotional significance, fostering8 a sense of connection and warmth among people.

(Mat) Oh right, I see. Actually you’ve just reminded me. I think I remember a story about the moon, something about a moon goddess, some beautiful goddess who lived in the moon. Does that story have any connection with this festival?

(Jocelyn) Well remembered, Mat. You’re actually right. You’re talking about the popular Chinese legend of Chang’e, the Moon Goddess. According tothe ancient legend, Chang’e was a beautiful woman who consumed a specialelixir9, to make her immortal (to live forever), she drank the special elixir and floated up to the moon, where she still lives to this day. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, people pay tribute to10 Chang’e by offering her fruits,incense11, and mooncakes. The story of Chang’e adds a touch of12 magical charm andmythology13 to the festival, deepening its cultural significance. It’s a great story that has been passed down through generations and continues to be cherished during the Mid-Autumn Festival.  

(Mat) Ah, mooncakes, finally we get to mooncakes. This is going to be my favourite part of the episode, because we are talking about cakes. Now I’ve had mooncakes on many occasions, and I always think they are quite varied, there are so many differentfillings14. Some I think are delicious, others… not really for me. So before we talk about the fillings, what’s the story behind mooncakes?

(Jocelyn) I think there are many different stories behind mooncakes. Most of these are very old legends. There are some old stories which say that army generals used mooncakes to hide secret messages, they could communicate important military information by sending mooncakes. Other stories tell us of how important people used to send mooncakes to each other with greetings or blessings carved into the top of the cake.

(Mat) OK, so that’s the history. Now let’s talk about mooncakes today. If someone wants to try mooncakes, what do they need to know?

(Jocelyn) Well, if someone wants to try mooncakes, they can expect a delightful variety of flavours, fillings, and textures15. Traditional mooncakes often feature flavours like lotus seed paste16, red bean paste, or mixed nuts. Some mooncakes may also use salted egg yolks17 fora savoury twist18. Modern variations have flavours like green tea, black sesame19, or even fruit-based fillings. There are even chocolate, coffee and ice cream versions. So it’s all about finding the flavour that suits your taste. Again, the texture of mooncakes can vary from soft and smooth to dense and chewy, depending on the type and filling. So it’s probably a good idea to try as many different types as you can, to discover your own personal favourite.   

(Mat) I think that’s an excellent piece of advice. Try as many different cakes as you can. I think that’s a great idea!  

Well, that’s it for today. We hope you enjoyed this episode, thanks for listening. We hope to see you again next time. Until then, goodbye. Stay wise.

Key words and expressions

1. be rooted in sth 根植于…

to be based on something or caused by something  

e.g. Most prejudices are rooted in ignorance. 大多数偏见源于无知。

2. at its fullest and brightest 在最饱满和最明亮时

It refers to the peak or maximum point of something, often used to describe the maximum illumination of light or the highest degree of a particular state or condition.

e.g. The sun was at its fullest and brightest, casting a brilliant golden glow across the landscape. 太阳达到了它最饱满和最明亮的状态，照亮了整个风景。

3. harvest n. [C or U] /ˈhɑːvɪst/ 收获; 收成

the time of year when crops are cut and collected from the fields, or the activity of cutting and collecting them, or the crops that are cut and collected

e.g. We had a good harvest this year. 今年我们收成不错。

4. reminder n. [C] /rɪˈmaɪndər/ 提醒（的话），提示

a written or spoken message that reminds someone to do something

e.g. If he forgot to pay his rent, his landlady would send him a reminder.

如果他忘了付房租，女房东就会去信提醒他。

5. serene adj./səˈriːn/ 宁静的

peaceful and calm; worried by nothing

e.g. She has a lovely serene face. 她有一张可爱娴静的脸庞。

6. a focal point 焦点，中心点

the main center of attention or interest in a particular context

e.g. The bright red sculpture in the middle of the art gallery serves as a focal point, drawing visitors’ attention as soon as they enter. 艺术馆中央的鲜红色雕塑充当着焦点，吸引着游客们一进门就注意到它。

7. heartfelt wishes 衷心的祝愿

sincere desires or blessings expressed from the heart

e.g. I send you my heartfelt wishes for a speedy recovery.

我送上衷心的祝愿，希望你能尽快康复。

8. foster v./ˈfɒstər/ 培养

to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings

e.g. Good teachers strive to foster a love of learning in their students. 优秀的教师努力培养学生对学习的热爱。

9. elixir n. [C] /iˈlɪksər/  灵丹妙药，长生不老药

a substance, usually a liquid, with a magical power to cure, improve, or preserve something

e.g. It’s yet another health product claiming to be the elixir of life.

这又是一种号称灵丹妙药的保健产品，据说有延年益寿之奇效。

10. pay tribute to 赞扬，称赞

to praise someone or something

e.g. The minister paid tribute to the men who had fought the blaze.

部长高度赞扬了奋力扑灭大火的勇士们。

11. incense n. [U] /ˈɪn.sens/ 香

a substance that is burnt to produce a sweet smell, especially as part of a religious ceremony

e.g. an incense burner/stick 香炉／香烛

12. add a touch of添加一丝、一点的成分、特性或品质

to include or introduce a small amount or a slight hint of something, often for the purpose of enhancing or improving it

e.g. She added a touch of cinnamon to the apple pie for extra flavour.

她在苹果派中加了一点肉桂以增添额外的味道。

13. mythology n. [U] /mɪˈθɒlədʒi/ 神话

myths in general

e.g. She’s fascinated by the stories of classical mythology. 她被古典神话故事迷住了。

14. filling n. [C or U] /ˈfɪlɪŋ/ （三明治、蛋糕等的）馅

the layer of food inside a sandwich, cake, etc.

e.g. pies with sweet or savoury fillings 甜味或咸味的馅饼

15. texture n. [C or U] /ˈtekstʃər/ 质地;质感

the quality of something that can be decided by touch; the degree to which something is rough or smooth, or soft or hard

e.g. a smooth/rough/coarse texture 光滑／不平／粗糙的质地

16. lotus seed paste 莲蓉馅儿

17. salted egg yolks 咸蛋黄

18. a savoury twist 咸口儿

introducing a salty or savoury element to enhance or change the flavour of something

拓展：a sweet twist甜口儿

19. black sesame 黑芝麻

中秋节与春节、端午节、清明节并称“四大传统节日”。中秋节源自远古先民对天象的崇拜，由上古时代的“秋夕祭月”演变而来。农耕社会，人们认为月亮的运行同农业的生产和季节的变化有很大关系，因此，祭月就成了一项重要的祭祀活动，中秋节也被称为“祭月节”。

最初的“祭月节”是在秋分这一天。后来逐渐演变为农历八月十五。农历八月在秋季中间，所以称为“中秋节”。

“中秋”一词最早出现在汉代成书的《周礼》一书里。《周礼》记载，先秦时期已经有了“中秋夜迎寒”的活动。唐代，中秋节成了全国性的节日。据《唐六典》记载，官府衙门在中秋这天可以休假。民间也有了庆祝中秋的活动，比如赏月、祭月。中秋节的盛行则是在宋朝。至明清时，中秋已与元旦齐名，成为我国重要的节日。

中国传统节日大多和各种神话传说、民间故事密切相连，中秋节也不例外。“月”是中秋最重要的意象，因此，中秋的传说也与月亮有关。“嫦娥奔月”的故事由来已久，在我国出土的先秦简牍中就有嫦娥奔月的故事雏形。

嫦娥奔月的故事有很多种版本，其中最经典的版本是这样记载的：

相传远古时期，天上有十个太阳，永不停息地照射着人间，大地都要被烤焦了，农作物无法生长，人也无法生存。有一位叫后羿的弓箭手，决心为百姓排忧解难。后羿登上昆仑山顶，将九个太阳射了下来，并且警告最后仅存的一个太阳：“从今以后，你必须按时升起，按时落下，为民造福。”从此昼夜交替，人们日出而作，日落而息，过上了幸福的生活。

大家把后羿视为英雄，后来很多人来找他拜师学艺。其中就有一个叫逄蒙的人。

后羿的妻子嫦娥，美丽善良、乐于助人。有一天，西王母送给后羿一丸仙药。吃了仙药可以长生不老，还可以成仙。可是，后羿不愿意离开嫦娥，让她把药藏在匣子里。

这件事不知怎的被逄蒙知道了，他一心想把仙药弄到手。八月十五清晨，后羿出门去了，留嫦娥一个人在家。到了晚上，逄蒙闯进后羿家里，威逼嫦娥交出仙药。嫦娥不肯。于是逄蒙便翻箱倒柜，四处搜寻，眼看就要找到药匣了。见情势不妙，嫦娥疾步向前，取出仙药，一口吞了下去。

吃了仙药之后，嫦娥觉得自己的身体越来越轻，然后她就飞了起来。嫦娥飞出窗户，越过田野，越飞越高，飞向了天空，最终落在了月亮上。

月宫清冷，嫦娥寂寞。她很后悔，可是从此再无回头路。

乡亲们常念嫦娥，在院子里摆上她平日爱吃的食品，为她祈福。从此，每年八月十五就成了人们企盼团圆的中秋佳节。

中秋节的两大重要活动是赏月和吃月饼。

月饼在中国有着悠久的历史。据文献记载，早在殷商时期，江浙一带就有一种纪念太师闻仲的饼，被称为“太师饼”。民俗学家普遍认为这就是月饼的雏形。

月饼何时成为中秋节的食品，无年代可考。但我们可以确定的是，唐代开始，中秋节就已经有了吃月饼的习俗。《洛中见闻》记载，中秋节的时候，唐僖宗会赏赐月饼给新科进士。

    宋代，月饼开始大范围普及。一代文豪苏轼在《留别》中写道：“小饼如嚼月，中有酥与饴”。这里的“小饼”就指的是月饼。

    明清时期，月饼的种类和馅料不断丰富，月饼的食用场景也不再限于中秋，而扩展为一种任何时候都可以吃的点心。

随着物质生活水平的不断提高，月饼的种类也不断丰富。常见的月饼种类有：五仁月饼、枣泥月饼、豆沙月饼、莲蓉月饼等灯。其中，最经典的当属五仁月饼了，堪称月饼之王。五仁是指核仁、杏仁、花生仁、瓜子仁和芝麻仁。将这五种料炒熟后压成碎丁，加入白糖调味之后就是五仁馅了。五仁馅口味丰富、老少皆宜，深受大家的喜爱。

如果说月饼满足了口舌之欢，赏月则抒发了人们的悲欢离合。无论我们身在何方，总能看到一轮或圆或缺的月亮，总有一抹月光披在我们身上。“海上生明月，天涯共此时”，这是月夜望远的辽阔意境；“中庭地白树栖鸦，冷露无声湿桂花”，这是望月怀人的秋思；“长安一片月，万户捣衣声”，这是思念征夫的真情挚意……一千个人眼中有一千个月亮，月亮的意义是无穷的。

团圆是中秋的主题，中秋不仅是一个节日，更是一个家庭团聚、亲友话谈的契机。我们无论身在何处，都能感受到家的温暖和幸福，感受到亲友的支持和鼓励。这便是中秋节的最大意义。

Silk

Welcome to this edition of China Lifestyle Journeys, the series that brings you chats, discussions and insights on all aspects of Chinese living. We will cover festivals, food, traditions, customs and much, much more. I’m your host Jocelyn… and I’m Mat, just an English guy with lots of questions.

So, Mat, what’s your big question today?

(Mat)

Hello listeners! Welcome to a rather glamorous episode of China Lifestyle Journeys. Today we’re looking at the world of silk and its role in both Chinese fashion culture and even global fashion. Now silk has always been cherished1 in China as a symbol of beauty, elegance, and luxury. We know that, I think everyone knows this. I also know that silk has a really smoothtexture2, (Actually, there’s a word or an expression that we use quite a lot in English to mean really smooth – ‘silky smooth3’ , and we use this expression ‘silky smooth’ to talk about anything with food, drinks, material, when the texture is really smooth… we say it’s silky smooth.) So I know that silk is smooth… but apart from this… what makes it so special as a fabric for clothing? So Jocelyn, let’s talk about silk fashions and what makes silk so special for people like yourself, for Chinese women.

(Jocelyn) 

OK, I think that’s a great place to start! Silk has been an important part of Chinese fashion culture for centuries. Silk is smooth, or ‘silky smooth’ as you say in English. It has a unique shiny finish to it. It flows and hangs in a really beautiful and elegant way. Imagine a large piece of cotton, think about how it hangs down. Now imagine a piece of silk hanging, you can almost picture that special quality, the way that it drapes4 so elegantly. Now that’s just the start. It also feels very soft and delicate on the skin when you wear it. So, because of these qualities, silk is perfect for making elegant shapes in traditional Chinese clothes likeqipao dresses,tangzhuang jackets, and things like that.     

(Mat)

Hang on a second, I get the part about the silky smooth texture and the way it hangs, but what were those words you just said,qipao andtangzhuang... I think you’ll need to explain those before we continue.

(Jocelyn) 

Sure! Aqipao is a traditional Chinese dress that’s known for its elegant, fairly tight,figure-hugging5 design. It’s often worn by women on special occasions, and features a high collar and unique patterns. You’ve definitely seen one before – it’s the classic traditional Chinese dress. It’s a symbol of grace andfemininity6. Atangzhuang, on the other hand, is a style of traditional Chinese jacket. It has a straight cut and a stand-up collar. Both of these classic clothing items look best when they’re made from silk.

(Mat)

Ah yes, I can picture them now. So let’s get back to the fabric, silk. Now I know that there are different types of silk, like different quality levels or grades (I remember this, I think, when I was in a traditional silk shop somewhere). So how can we tell how good a piece of silk is? How do we measure the quality?

(Jocelyn) 

So, when it comes to silk quality, there are a few things to look for. One of the most important things is the sheen7 (that’s just a fancy word for how shiny the fabric is or the material is)  – the highest-quality silk has a natural, beautiful shine. It looksglossy8 and almost wet. And it behaves like a liquid, it has a unique fluid flow (that I’ve mentioned before). The highest-quality silk looks so shiny that it has a strange reflective quality to it. Now, as you go down in quality, the sheen is lower, so the silk looks less shiny, and this gives it a less fluid appearance, and it looks kind of flat. And there’s another important difference, the higher-quality silks are stronger because they are made from the best raw material. Cheaper lower grade silk isn’t as strong because it’s made frominferior9 materials, so it doesn’t last as long as it can break or tear quite easily.

(Mat)

Now that’s quite interesting because I thought the opposite would be true. In my mind, when I picture high-quality silk, I imagine a fabric that is really delicate and easy to rip. But it seems like you’re saying that this isn’t the case.

(Jocelyn) 

That’s exactly what I’m saying. Because of its light weight, silk is often thought of unable to withstand everyday wear. A lot of people think silk is fragile10 because of its appearance. On the contrary, silk is one of nature’s strongest natural fabrics when it’s high-quality silk, it’s really strong. A well-made silk dress can last for decades and even become anheirloom11 piece. In Chinese museums, you can find examples of old silk clothing that is hundreds and even thousands of years old.

(Mat)

Wow, I didn’t know that. So silk is one of the strongest fabrics or natural fabrics in the world. That’s pretty cool.

(Jocelyn) 

Yeah, I forgot to mention before that it has a nickname, ‘The Queen of Textiles12’ and it gets that name partly from its appearance and partly from its strength.

(Mat)

Right, that’s quite a cool nickname, I’m impressed. So if silk is the queen of textiles, what’s the king?

(Jocelyn) 

Haha. To be honest I don’t know the answer to that, cause it’s meant to be an episode just about the queen, silk, I guess.

(Mat) Sure, so what else do I need to know about silk before we finish?  

(Jocelyn) Well if you really want to know more about silk, you should really visit the city of Suzhou, the silk capital, it is a must-visit for any silk fan. You can explore the silk shops on Pingjiang Lu, learn all about silk craftsmanship at Suzhou Silk Museum, and witness silk production in a factory. You can take home exquisite souvenirs like embroidered gowns, fans, and bedding. Speciality shops even createbespoke13 qipaos andtangzhuang jackets, making you feel like a real Chinese silk goddess!  

(Mat)

I’m not sure if I really want to be a silk goddess, but I think this is a good place to make some cultural connections. We can think about silk beyond China too. Of course, the ancient Silk Road trade enabled silk to travel from China to places like Persia, Rome, Egypt and many other regions in ancient times. So silk’s luxurious reputation expands many centuries and many different civilizations. And of course, these days, silk is really important globally in luxury fashion. Top designer brands from Italy, France, and around the world, many of them use silk for their most prestigious14 and most expensivegarments15. I know that actually in my country, England, when we think about very formal, traditional clothing, a silk tie is considered to be the highest quality tie you can find. So silk’s luxury appeal is actually important to people all around the world, not just in Chinese culture.

Well, that’s it for today. We hope you enjoyed this episode, thanks for listening. We hope to see you again next time. Until then, goodbye. Stay wise.

Key words and expressions:

1. cherish  v. /ˈtʃerɪʃ/ 珍爱，钟爱

to love, protect, and care for someone or something that is important to you

e.g. Chinese culture is cherished by people all around the world for its rich history.

        中国文化因其丰富的历史而受到世界各地人们的珍视。

2. texture n. [C or U] /ˈtekstʃər/ 质感；手感

the quality of something that can be decided by touch

e.g. This artificial fabric has the texture of silk.

        这种人造织物有丝一样的质感。

3. silky smooth 如丝般柔滑

used to describe something that is exceptionally smooth, soft in texture or appearance, resembling the feel of silk

e.g. After applying the lotion, her skin felt silky smooth to the touch.

       涂抹了护肤霜后，她的皮肤触感如丝般柔滑。

4. drape v. /dreɪp/ 披，搭，垂下来

to put something such as cloth or a piece of clothing loosely over something

e.g. She draped the scarf loosely around her shoulders.

她把围巾松松地披在肩膀上。

5. figure-hugging adj. /ˈfɪɡəˌhʌɡɪŋ/  （衣服）紧贴身体的，贴身的

used to describe clothes that fit closely to your body

e.g. a figure-hugging dress

        贴身长裙

6. femininity n. [U] /ˌfeməˈnɪnəti/ 女性气质

the fact or quality of having characteristics that are traditionally thought to be typical of or suitable for a woman

e.g. Long hair was traditionally regarded as a sign of femininity.

传统上，长发被认为是女性气质的象征。

7. sheen n. /ʃiːn/ 光彩；光泽

a bright, smooth surface

e.g. The conditioner gives hair a beautiful soft sheen.

        这种护发素能使头发美丽、柔顺，富有光泽。

8. glossy adj. /ˈɡlɒsi/ 平滑有光泽的

smooth and shiny

e.g. She has glossy hair like silk.

        她的头发如丝绸一般富有光泽。

9. inferior adj./ɪnˈfɪəriər/ 差的；比……不如的

not good, or not as good as someone or something else

e.g. These products are inferior to those we bought last year.

这些产品比我们去年买的差些。

10. fragile adj. /ˈfrædʒaɪl/ 易损坏的；易碎的；脆弱的

easily damaged, broken, or harmed

e.g. The delicate porcelain teacup was so fragile that it broke when it was lightly bumped.

        那个精致的瓷茶杯非常脆弱，轻轻一碰就破碎了。

11.  heirloom n. [C]  /ˈeəluːm/ 传家宝，祖传之物

a valuable object that has been given by older members of a family to younger members of the same family over many years

e.g. This ring is a family heirloom.

这枚戒指是家里祖传的。

12. textile n. [C] /ˈtekstaɪl/ 纺织物；织物

a cloth made by hand or machine

e.g. the textile industry

        纺织业

13. bespoke adj./bɪˈspəʊk/ 定做的，定制的

specially made for a particular person

e.g. a bespoke suit

        定做的西装

14. prestigious adj/presˈtɪdʒəs/ 有威望的，有声望的

very much respected and admired, usually because of being important

e.g. a prestigious literary award

       颇具声望的文学奖

15.  garmentn. [C] /ˈɡɑːmənt/ （一件）衣服

a piece of clothing

e.g. Traditional Chinese garments, like the elegant silkqipao, reflect the exquisite craftsmanship and timeless beauty of Chinese culture.

传统的中国服装，如优雅的丝绸旗袍，反映了中国文化的精湛工艺和永恒之美。

丝绸是中国古代最伟大的技艺之一。两千多年以前，丝绸经由西域、中亚传入欧洲，贵族和商人都惊叹于它的轻盈和美丽。

制作丝绸的主要工序包括缫丝、煮茧、精炼、织线、染色、整理六大工序。

缫丝是制丝的第一道工序，传说/中华始祖/黄帝/的妻子/嫘祖/发明了养蚕和缫丝的技术，因此被尊称为“纺织之母”。缫丝指抽取蚕丝的过程。在缫丝之前必须要煮茧，因为煮过之后蚕丝软化，更容易观察到蚕丝的走向、找到线头。然后，将蚕丝抽出线，多条线合到一起，努力搓捻，形成较粗且紧致的一根，然后穿过孔眼卷起来晾干，缫丝就完成了。

缫好的生丝中含有色素、油脂、蚕蜡等杂质，因此需要将生丝放入特制溶液内加热，去除杂质。这个过程称之为精炼。精炼之后就可以用来织线了。

织线是制作丝绸的主要环节。将丝线以不同的数量比例相互紧密交织，在古代社会，主要是用半人工的木质纺机来进行，这种纺机被称为“梭子”。“梭子机”运行的时候速度飞快，所以常常用来形容飞速运行、密集繁忙的事物，比如“岁月如梭”、“穿梭不息”。

织线完成之后便是染色印花了。

染色便是根据成品的颜色要求，对织物进行整体或者部分的染色。为了保证颜色稳定不掉色，一般染色要经过几轮的重复浸染。为了丰富颜色，展现更加精美的花纹和图案，纺织厂会还会用印花技术来精细化处理。

完成染色和印花之后，一件丝绸制品算是初步完成了。但是要达到贴身使用的要求，还需要经过进一步的“织物整理”。织物整理就是提高织物品质、提高贴肤性的过程。比如用蒸汽熨烫调整丝绸的密度和平整度，添加柔软剂、抗静电剂来防皱、防缩、防静电。至此，合格的丝绸制品才算大功告成了。

因为丝绸名贵，所以最初它并不是日常服饰，而是用于贵族丧葬祭祀。到汉代，战事平息，国家统一，统治者奉行“休养生息”的政策，劝课农桑，丝织业得以飞速发展，丝绸服饰才开始进入寻常百姓家。

除此之外，丝绸还可以当作官员俸禄，可以当作货币流通。我国古代的官俸有土地、钱币、实物几种形式。北齐的俸禄实行三分法，即将官员俸禄分为三份，一份是丝帛，一份是粮食，一份是钱币。帛是丝织品的总称，以帛为先，说明帛在流通货币中享有较高的地位。

伴随着丝织产业一同蓬勃发展的，还有丝绸贸易。丝绸贸易的繁荣促进了“丝绸之路”的诞生。这条商贸之路起自长安，通过河西走廊进入西域，然后途径中亚各国，最终到达地中海的罗马，全程六千多公里。在通过这条漫漫长路进行贸易交接的货物中，中国的丝绸最具代表性，“丝绸之路”也因此得名。

汉代，中原地区受匈奴侵扰，汉武帝派张骞出使西域，希望联合大月氏夹击匈奴。后来汉军取得阶段性胜利，占领了河西走廊地区，至此打通了西汉与西域之间的通道。霍去病在祁连山大破匈奴后，张骞又多次出使西域前往乌孙、大夏等西域强国。从此，西汉与西北诸国开始联系频繁起来，丝绸之路正式开通。

汉宣帝时期，西汉取得了对匈奴战争的最终胜利，设置了西域都护府，将新疆地区纳入中央管辖，从此新疆成为中国不可分割的一部分。稳定的周边环境促进了商贸的发达，丝绸之路也进入了繁荣时期。

魏晋南北朝时期，是中国历史上大碰撞、大融合的阶段。魏晋时期，经由丝绸之路，中原蚕桑和丝织技术传入西域各国，这些地区逐渐成为重要的丝绸产地。

到了唐代，丝绸之路达到鼎盛，海上丝绸之路也在此时兴起。通过丝路贸易，中国同中亚、西亚等地区的文化交流更加频繁。据《唐会典》记载，与唐朝进行文化交流和商贸往来的国家有三百多个，堪称历朝历代之最。

北宋从建立开始就带着积贫积弱的基因，版图大幅缩减，政府无法控制河西走廊。而到了南宋时期，版图进一步缩小，丝绸之路日益衰落。

明代倭寇横行，海禁政策不断加强，海上丝绸之路近乎废止。

清代初期以后，清政府实行“闭关锁国”政策，丝绸之路进入了最低谷，接近消亡。

2013年，中国提出了“丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的伟大倡议，简称“一带一路”。2014年，中国、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦三国联合申报的“丝绸之路：长安－天山廊道的路网”成功地认定为“世界文化遗产”，成为首例跨国合作的申遗项目。自此，历经数千年的古老丝路重焕生机。

丝绸是中国古代劳动人民发明的纺织品，是中国文化的象征。丝绸不仅为中华民族织绣了光辉的篇章，也对世界文明的发展作出了不可磨灭的贡献。丝绸的历史不仅仅是一段美丽的历史，它也代表着人类智慧的发展与进步，是了解中国古代文化的重要途径。

Guanxi

Welcome to this edition of China Lifestyle Journeys, the series that brings you chats, discussions and insights on all aspects of Chinese living. We will cover festivals, food, traditions, customs and much, much more. I’m your host Jocelyn… and I’m Mat, just an English guy with lots of questions.

So, Mat, what’s your big question today?

(Mat)

Hello and welcome to another episode of China Lifestyle Journeys! Today, we’re delving into the fascinating topic ofguanxi, or as we say in English “personal relationships” in Chinese culture. So personal relationships hold significant importance in Chinese society, but I think that this is also an important part of many cultures, so let’s explore the differences. So first of all, Jocelyn, I think we should start with an example.

(Jocelyn)

Sure, Mat! Let’s create an example with a fictional story, rather than using a real life example. So imagine a character, a Chinese businessperson named Li and his colleague, Zhang. Li and Zhang have been working together for several years and have developed a strongguanxi (a personal connection). They often go out for meals together, exchange small gifts on special occasions, and help each other out whenever needed. This personal relationship goes beyond just business interactions and creates a sense of trust and mutual support between them. For instance, if Li needs a favour or an introduction to someone, Zhang would be more likely to assist him because of their establishedguanxi. It’s a friendship that extends beyond the workplace and enhances their professional collaboration.

(Mat)

I’m not sure if I get it. It sounds like they are workmates, they get on well with each other and when they need a favour, they help each other out, just like most people doing this in the situation. To me this sounds like just any kind of normal relationship between colleagues. I can imagine this happening in my country. So what am I missing here?

(Jocelyn)

OK, let me give a different example using our two characters Li and Zhang. Let’s say that Li is getting married and needs to hire a restaurant for the wedding party. Zhang’s uncle owns a fancy restaurant in the neighbourhood. Zhang says, “I’ll ask my uncle if he can give you a good deal on the wedding party”. Zhang’s uncle agrees, and Li can hire out the restaurant, for a very good price, and Zhang’s uncle will even give some free drinks and snacks on the table. Li is very happy, he accepts this offer. Zhang has done him a big favour. Li knows this and Zhang knows it. It is stored in their heads. Imagine it like a football score, Zhang One Li Zero. Zhang is owed a favour. Now this is where it gets interesting, because Zhang can call in that owed favour any time he wants. Next week, next month and even next year. It will not be forgotten.

(Mat)

OK, so it’s similar to the English expression, you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours. So when Zhang gets married, he can ask Li to help with the restaurant arrangements for his wedding. Is that how it works? 

(Jocelyn)

Well, yes, that’s possible, but Zhang is owed a favour of a “similar social value” – it could be something completely unrelated to weddings. So let’s say Li’s sister has a very important university examination coming up, she needs some guidance with her studies. Zhang’s sister is a teacher, Li asks Zhang, “Can your sister help my sister with her exam?” Zhang is obliged to say yes.

(Mat)

OK, so Li asks Zhang to repay the favour. And Zhang cannot refuse. But what happens if Li asks Zhang to lend him a million dollars or something like that?

(Jocelyn)

Well, that’s it, you’ve kind of found the true meaning of “guanxi” here. There is an understanding that the favours exchanged should be within a reasonable and appropriate range – equal in size to the favour owed. Asking for a million dollars would likely be considered beyond the scope of theguanxi relationship between Li and Zhang. It’s important to note thatguanxi operates within certain boundaries and is based on trust and balance. Asking for such a large sum of money would likely puta strain on the relationship and go against the principles ofguanxi. It’s more common for these favours to be related to personal or professional support, advice, introductions, or small-scale assistance. It’s about maintaining a harmonious and balanced relationship, rather than exploiting or imposing on the other person.  

(Mat)

OK, so let me see if I’ve got it. Let’s say you wrote a book about English culture and you wanted me to write a recommendation in the preface. I agree to do it, I write it for you, and then you owe me a favour and we both know it, and then about one month later, I mention that I need to find a publisher for, let’s say, my book. Imagine I wrote a book on Chinese culture, and you say you have a publisher friend, then you invite us both out to lunch, so that we can have a formal introduction. You can introduce me to your publisher friend. And then you have repaid the favour. I think that’s it, yeah.

(Jocelyn)

Ah, that’s a great example, Mat! You’ve got a better understanding ofguanxi now. In your example, the exchange of favours and support is a perfect illustration of howguanxi works. By writing a recommendation for my book, you do me a favour, and when you need assistance with finding a publisher, I leverage my personal connections to introduce you to my publisher friend. This kind of exchange strengthens ourguanxi and shows the importance of maintaining a harmonious relationship based on trust and mutual support.People rely on their personal networks to navigate various aspects of life, whether it’s professional opportunities, social connections, or even personal matters. Chinese people understand the value ofguanxi and use it to build a better society by fostering cooperation, collaboration, and a sense of interconnectedness. It’s a cultural practice that reflects the deep-rooted values of mutual benefit and reciprocity.

Well, that’s it for today. We hope you enjoyed this episode, thanks for listening. We hope to see you again next time. Until then, goodbye. Stay wise.

人是社会关系的总和。在传统社会中，人际关系尤为重要。儒家思想中的人际关系理论是封建社会人际关系的指导原则和规范。

在内部人际关系中，封建伦理要求子女对父母“尽孝”。这种“孝”，既有积极部分，比如对长辈的尊重、侍奉。也有在今天看来不合时宜的内容，即唯父命是从，不得有任何的违逆。从现代社会的进步观念来看，这是一种“愚孝”。

关于孝道的论述，最经典的当属元代学者郭居敬收集的《二十四孝》，这是古代“孝道”理念的精华。后人将《二十四孝》里每个故事都配上连环画，称之为《二十四孝图》。

《二十四孝图》中不乏打动人心的故事，比如刘恒（héng）亲尝汤药。有一次，刘恒的母亲薄（bó ）太后患了重病，随后一病三年，卧床不起。这可急坏了刘恒，他日夜守在母亲床前，等母亲睡着了，才在旁边睡一会儿。刘恒还天天为母亲煎药，每次煎完，必先亲尝，看看汤药苦不苦，烫不烫，有没有其他问题，确保稳妥之后，才给母亲喝。

但同时，《二十四孝图》中也记载了在今天看来很不合情理甚至让人觉得恐怖的故事，比如“郭巨埋儿”。晋朝人郭巨原本出身贵族，后来家境中落。郭巨育有一子，郭巨的母亲非常疼爱孙子，自己总舍不得吃饭，却把仅有的食物留给孙子吃。郭巨内心十分忧虑。他认为，长此以往这个儿子肯定会影响自己侍奉母亲。于是，郭巨和妻子商议：“儿子可以再有，母亲死了不能复生。我们不如埋掉儿子，节省粮食侍奉母亲。”于是，郭巨和妻子来到空地挖坑，准备埋掉儿子。当他们挖到两尺深的时候，突然发现了一坛黄金，上面写着：“天赐孝子郭巨，官不得取，民不得夺。”夫妻得到黄金，生活有了很大改善，不仅可以更好地奉养母亲，而且也能养活孩子了。郭巨的故事历来存在争议，有人认为郭巨“至孝之人，善莫大焉”；反对的人则认为郭巨对母亲有孝，却对儿子无情，如果没有拾得黄金的幸运，岂不是真的要杀了孩子？而且郭巨的母亲那么喜欢孙子，郭母如果问起孙子，又该如何回答呢？估计老人会悲痛欲绝。这种结果岂不是更大的不孝！

除了父慈子孝，内部人际关系还有“长幼有序”与“夫妻和睦”。

“长幼有序”包括两方面的含义。其一是在兄弟之间，提倡兄友弟恭，比如“孔融让梨”的故事。东汉名士孔融四岁的时候，和哥哥们一起吃梨，他总是拿最小的梨吃。长辈问他原因，他回答说：“我年纪最小，理应拿最小的梨吃。”其二是在长辈和晚辈之间，晚辈要尊敬和礼让长辈，特别是上了年纪的老人。两方面合起来，便是孟子说的，“老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼”。

而“夫妻和睦”则强调夫妻要互相尊重敬爱。处理家庭事务时，要分工协作。传统上，男主外，女主内。男性在外奔波，努力工作。妻子作为当家主母，治家理财，管理家庭日常事务。当然，随着社会发展与时代进步，家庭关系被不断地重构，家庭成员的分工也有了更多的模式。

在外部人际关系中，古代社会最具价值和影响力的是关于友谊的论述。

提到中国古代的友谊，人们最先想到的想必是俞伯牙和钟子期的“高山流水”了。俞伯牙是楚国有名的琴师，擅长寓景于琴。钟子期则善于欣赏音乐。伯牙弹琴时，想象着巍峨的高山。钟子期高兴地说：“弹得真好啊！我仿佛看见了一座巍峨的大山！”伯牙继续弹琴，志在流水，钟子期马上领悟，说道：“我仿佛听到了奔腾不息的江河！”不管伯牙弹奏什么，钟子期总能从琴声中领会到其所思所想。伯牙惊喜万分，一直以来，自己用琴声表达的意境，很少有人能领悟，而钟子期竟说得分毫不差。俞伯牙与钟子期一见如故，相约来年中秋再会。后来钟子期去世，伯牙悲痛欲绝，摔琴断弦，终身不再弹琴。俞伯牙和钟子期成为古代友谊的典范，正所谓知音难觅，后来人们常用“高山流水”来表示这种深刻的友谊。

另一个著名的故事同样发生在春秋时期。齐国有一个颇具才能的青年叫管仲，又名管夷吾。管仲与鲍叔牙是交情深厚的好友。管仲家境贫困，他和鲍叔牙一起做生意的时候，本钱都是鲍叔牙出的，但最后的利润却是管仲分的多一些。鲍叔牙对此没有任何怨言。后来鲍叔牙服侍齐国的公子小白，管仲服侍公子纠。而后小白被立为桓（huán）公，公子纠被杀死，管仲也被囚禁。鲍叔牙向桓公力荐管仲。桓公不仅没杀管仲，还让他当了齐国的宰相。在管仲的辅佐下，齐国也成为了著名的强国。

管仲后来说：“当初我贫困的时候，同鲍叔牙一起做买卖，分钱的时候往往自己多占一些，而鲍叔牙不认为我贪婪，他知道我家贫。我曾在官场浮沉，多次升迁又贬谪（zhé），鲍叔牙不把我当无能之人看待，他知道我没赶上好的局势。我曾多次在打仗时躲在鲍叔牙身后，他不认为我是胆小鬼，知道我家中还有母亲需要奉养。生我者父母，知我者鲍子也。”后人便用“管鲍之交”形容互相了解、共患难的生死之交。  “士为知己者死，女为悦己者容”。友谊的最高境界被称为“知己”，因为最好的朋友往往是最了解我们、最懂我们的人。除了了解对方，至交还必须要有共同的价值取向和追求，所谓“道不同，不相为谋”。可见，友谊中凝结了传统价值观的精华：既有互相了解、互相扶助的“仁爱”，也有坚持道义和信仰的“大义”。

古代社会的伦理道德是维护君主专制和社会稳定的重要工具，它外化为人际关系中的具体要求，规范着每个人的一言一行。对于传统人际关系规范，我们应该用辩证的态度，“取其精华，弃其糟粕”，用平等、尊重、友爱的态度去经营我们的人际关系。