CME/CE

Given that IgA nephropathy is a leading cause of kidney failure, early diagnosis and treatment are essential. In the landscape of the many evolving treatment guidelines, how can nephrologists apply emerging evidence and utilize newer therapies to achieve proteinuria remission and maintain eGFR to improve the outcomes of their patients? Hear the experts answer these questions by reviewing a real-world clinical patient case.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic autoimmune liver disease characterized by a destructive, small duct, and lymphocytic cholangitis, and marked by the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies. Outcomes largely depend on early recognition of the disease and prompt institution of treatment. First-line treatment consists of ursodeoxycholic acid, but not all patients sufficiently respond to treatment. It is thus important to monitor patients for response to therapy to know when to initiate second-line treatment. The recent approval of PPAR agonists has greatly improved second-line treatment options, as these therapies not only elicited significantly better biochemical responses and normalized bilirubin levels but also improved extrahepatic symptoms including pruritus and fatigue, leading to better quality of life.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic autoimmune liver disease characterized by a destructive, small duct, and lymphocytic cholangitis, and marked by the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies. Outcomes largely depend on early recognition of the disease and prompt institution of treatment. First-line treatment consists of ursodeoxycholic acid, but not all patients sufficiently respond to treatment. It is thus important to monitor patients for response to therapy to know when to initiate second-line treatment. The recent approval of PPAR agonists has greatly improved second-line treatment options, as these therapies not only elicited significantly better biochemical responses and normalized bilirubin levels but also improved extrahepatic symptoms including pruritus and fatigue, leading to better quality of life.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic autoimmune liver disease characterized by a destructive, small duct, and lymphocytic cholangitis, and marked by the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies. Outcomes largely depend on early recognition of the disease and prompt institution of treatment. First-line treatment consists of ursodeoxycholic acid, but not all patients sufficiently respond to treatment. It is thus important to monitor patients for response to therapy to know when to initiate second-line treatment. The recent approval of PPAR agonists has greatly improved second-line treatment options, as these therapies not only elicited significantly better biochemical responses and normalized bilirubin levels but also improved extrahepatic symptoms including pruritus and fatigue, leading to better quality of life.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic autoimmune liver disease characterized by a destructive, small duct, and lymphocytic cholangitis, and marked by the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies. Outcomes largely depend on early recognition of the disease and prompt institution of treatment. First-line treatment consists of ursodeoxycholic acid, but not all patients sufficiently respond to treatment. It is thus important to monitor patients for response to therapy to know when to initiate second-line treatment. The recent approval of PPAR agonists has greatly improved second-line treatment options, as these therapies not only elicited significantly better biochemical responses and normalized bilirubin levels but also improved extrahepatic symptoms including pruritus and fatigue, leading to better quality of life.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic autoimmune liver disease characterized by a destructive, small duct, and lymphocytic cholangitis, and marked by the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies. Outcomes largely depend on early recognition of the disease and prompt institution of treatment. First-line treatment consists of ursodeoxycholic acid, but not all patients sufficiently respond to treatment. It is thus important to monitor patients for response to therapy to know when to initiate second-line treatment. The recent approval of PPAR agonists has greatly improved second-line treatment options, as these therapies not only elicited significantly better biochemical responses and normalized bilirubin levels but also improved extrahepatic symptoms including pruritus and fatigue, leading to better quality of life.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic autoimmune liver disease characterized by a destructive, small duct, and lymphocytic cholangitis, and marked by the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies. Outcomes largely depend on early recognition of the disease and prompt institution of treatment. First-line treatment consists of ursodeoxycholic acid, but not all patients sufficiently respond to treatment. It is thus important to monitor patients for response to therapy to know when to initiate second-line treatment. The recent approval of PPAR agonists has greatly improved second-line treatment options, as these therapies not only elicited significantly better biochemical responses and normalized bilirubin levels but also improved extrahepatic symptoms including pruritus and fatigue, leading to better quality of life.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic autoimmune liver disease characterized by a destructive, small duct, and lymphocytic cholangitis, and marked by the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies. Outcomes largely depend on early recognition of the disease and prompt institution of treatment. First-line treatment consists of ursodeoxycholic acid, but not all patients sufficiently respond to treatment. It is thus important to monitor patients for response to therapy to know when to initiate second-line treatment. The recent approval of PPAR agonists has greatly improved second-line treatment options, as these therapies not only elicited significantly better biochemical responses and normalized bilirubin levels but also improved extrahepatic symptoms including pruritus and fatigue, leading to better quality of life.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic autoimmune liver disease characterized by a destructive, small duct, and lymphocytic cholangitis, and marked by the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies. Outcomes largely depend on early recognition of the disease and prompt institution of treatment. First-line treatment consists of ursodeoxycholic acid, but not all patients sufficiently respond to treatment. It is thus important to monitor patients for response to therapy to know when to initiate second-line treatment. The recent approval of PPAR agonists has greatly improved second-line treatment options, as these therapies not only elicited significantly better biochemical responses and normalized bilirubin levels but also improved extrahepatic symptoms including pruritus and fatigue, leading to better quality of life.

Hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative cancer is the most common subtype of breast cancer. Initial treatment consists of surgery with or without radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, followed by adjuvant endocrine therapy for 5 to 10 years. Although endocrine therapy improves outcomes in these patients, recurrence is high (40% to 60% of patients). In disease with no BRCA mutation, treatment intensification by adding a CDK4/6 inhibitor to endocrine therapy has been shown to improve survival outcomes in high-risk disease. This activity explores the role of CDK4/6 inhibitors in HR-positive, HER2-negative early breast cancer in a patient case vignette, with an emphasis on shared decision-making.