1. Who: John, the “beloved disciple” of Jesus who writes with a pastor’s heart to his “little children” and “beloved” ones in the faith.
2. When: Around AD 90. Outside of Revelation 1, The New Testament is silent about John’s later years, but early Christian tradition is consistent that John left Jerusalem where he was a pillar of the church (Acts 8:14, Gal. 2:9) shortly before the destruction of the city by the Romans in AD 70. He ministered in and around Ephesus (see the seven churches mentioned in Revelation 2-3). It was likely written after the Gospel of John.
3. Whom: Well established believers in Asia Minor with whom John had a close personal relationship. They were grounded in sound doctrine (2:7, 18-27, 3:11).
4. What: On the threshold of severe persecution breaking out throughout the Roman Empire against Christians under Domitian (AD 95), John writes to them as a mature spiritual father out of loving concern for his spiritual children. It is possibly a sermon in letter form. John writes with “disarming simplicity of style and vocabulary.”
5. WHY: The major theme of 1 John is fellowship with God. God is light, love, and life. John wanted his readers to have assurance of God’s presence with them. From this assurance came joy and confidence in the gospel and authentic fellowship with each other. This bond would help the church refute the destructive false teachings of the Gnostics.