n terms of a significant mineral discovery in Australia, one cannot go past the search for the Argyle Diamond Mine in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia. The Argyle Diamond Mine discovery was the first of its kind in every aspect of the project. Episode 115 of Samso Insights is all about Ewen Tyler and how he narrates a discovery of a lifetime. Ewen Tyler is the man who is credited as the "Father of the Argyle Diamond Mine". I will have to say that as much as all Discovery Journeys is a team game, there had to be a driver and a man to take the heat. The diamond project was the biggest, had the best grade, was the first major diamond deposit discovery in Australia, and most importantly, it was the first diamond discovery outside the cartel of De Beers and the Russian Federation. A History of the Argyle Diamond Mine (Wilipedia) The Argyle Diamond Mine (Figure 1) was a diamond mine located in the East Kimberley region in the remote north of Western Australia. Argyle was at times the largest diamond producer in the world by volume (14 million carats in 2018[1]), although the proportion of gem-quality diamonds was low. It was the only known significant source of pink and red diamonds (producing over 90% of the world's supply), and additionally provided a large proportion of other naturally coloured diamonds, including champagne, cognac, and rare blue diamonds. Mining operations ceased in November 2020, after 37 years of operations and producing more than 865 million carats of rough diamonds. Mine operator Rio Tinto plans to decommission the mine and rehabilitate the site at least through 2025.[2][3] The Argyle diamond mine is also notable for being the first successful commercial diamond mine exploiting a volcanic pipe of lamproite, rather than the more usual kimberlite pipe; much earlier attempts to mine diamonds from a lamproite pipe in Arkansas, United States, were commercially unsuccessful. The Argyle mine is owned by the Rio Tinto Group, a diversified mining company that also owns the Diavik Diamond Mine in Canada and the Murowa diamond mine in Zimbabwe. Figure 1: The Argyle Diamond Mine. Argyle _ The Impossible Story of Australian Diamonds","target":"_blank","rel":""}}},"VERSION":"9.14.3"}"> My Fascination for Diamonds and Diamond Exploration This episode of Samso Insights will go down as one of my favorites. It was a great privilege to have had access to a story like that of Ewen Tyler. The greatness of his achievement is his ability to keep the search for a diamond source alive for so long. I have been a big fan of diamond exploration since I started my Honours Thesis at the University of Western Australia. In fact, if my memory serves me correctly, I had a great interest in gems even before my time at University. As Ewen put it perfectly, "Only Fools Will Explore for Diamonds". This statement is in fact very common with people who have had the taste of diamond exploration. It is probably safe to say that only passionate explorers will appreciate the hardship that diamond explorers had to go through with little to no reward. There is not much to elaborate here except to tell readers to settle in and listen to what is arguably one of the best stories about persistence and gamesmanship to persist with the search for a "potential" diamond discovery. The interview has been largely guided by the book by Stuart Kells entitled " Argyle - The Impossible Story of Australian Diamonds". When I did the Samso Insight about the discovery of the Olympic Dam, I did not have the information about the business side of the process. This book by Stuart Kells gave a great narrative on the Boardroom aspect of the journey. To Purchase the book click on our Amazon Affiliate link: Argyle - The Impossible Story of Australian Diamonds

Samso's Conclusion The diamond exploration industry is pretty much non-existent today. I think there is one company that may be active in the industry worth mentioning. The industry is now all about the existing miners as the flare of exploration is now too expensive. In the business of mineral exploration, the risk-reward ratios are now not even worth discussing. The Arglye story is inspired by the famous pink diamond but as Ewen Tyler spells it out, there was no consideration of these stones. The success of Argyle was the marvels marketing the value of the stones which made the mining process work. In my opinion, there is nothing more beautiful than a good coloured stone (Figure 2). There will be many narratives out in the public space that will argue that a quality white will forever be better, but a beautiful stone is one that makes a statement. It is about what the stone shoes and the history that it comes from that creates the value. If you watch this interview, you will get the sense that the value of the argyle stones was all about the Argyle story. Figure 2: A range of Argyle's best. Chapters: 00:00:00 Start 00:00:15 Introduction 00:01:00 The Ewen Tyler Story - The beginning 00:13:02 Rex Prider Factor 00:14:46 Start of the search for diamonds in Australia 00:17:21 Introduction of Rio Tinto 00:18:22 Path to Ellendale 00:20:14 Business of Ellendale 00:20:52 Discovery of diamonds in Smoke Creek 00:21:25 Bringing context into the search area 00:22:16 Team Argyle 00:24:41 Arrangement with the Western Australian Government 00:28:27 The Rio Tinto Lifeline 00:29:42 Early signs of the discovery of Argyle 00:31:34 Waiting Game - The Process and The Secrecy Game 00:33:53 Ewen earned the title of The Father of Argyle Diamond Mine 00:37:02 Arriving at Argyle 00:38:05 Unbelievable Grade of Diamonds 00:39:43 Smoke Creek and Limestone Creek - First sighting of the Argyle Pink Diamond 00:40:42 The Mythical Value of the Pink Diamonds for Argyle 00:42:50 Economic Study of the Argyle Diamond Mine 00:43:17 Funding the mining of Argyle Diamonds 00:50:08 First Nation Discussions 00:53:47 The Birth of the Marketing Gunnies of the Argyle Diamonds 01:00:31 Webb Diamond Project 01:01:28 Other sources of diamond projects 01:03:49 Ewen Thoughts on Mineral Exploration 01:05:34 Importance of the Team in Mineral Exploration 01:07:04 Is there an Impossible Exploration Discovery? 01:08:53 Conclusion

Episode 187 of Coffee with Samso is with Guy Le Page, Non-Executive Director of Mount Ridley Mines Limited (ASX: MRD). Mount Ridley is now at the business end of the Rare Earth journey. Mount Ridley Mines is now focusing on the flow chart of the REE business. This is the money end, can you make the processing part cash flow positive? When I had my first Coffee with Samso with Guy Le Page, in July 2022 (Mount Ridley Mines Limited (ASX:MRD) - A Rare Earth Story.), it became evident that the company had a strong focus on optimising its flow chart. The company was confident in its ability to achieve the desired tonnage and grade, but its primary emphasis was on the final stage. In my view, one of the major benefits for companies like Mount Ridley is their project's location in the Esperance region. Numerous discussions have highlighted the region as the ideal site for the government to establish a Rare Earth Hub. Check out the conversation in this Coffee with Samso and, as I always encourage, DYOR. Chapters 00:00 Start 00:20 Introduction 01:10 Updates on the Mia Project 02:45 Beneficiation Results 03:55 Leach Test Results 04:59 Is Mia the main focus of Mount Ridley? 06:01 Mia prospect air-core drilling 06:37 Discussion about the soft REE market 09:05 Q&A from the public 09:19 Is MRD still going to list on the Frankfurt Exchange? 09:46 What is MRD's strategic roadmap beyond 2023? 10:59 How is MRD taking a position for success amongst Esperance peers? 11:59 Is using HCL costly? And what about government grants? 13:03 Has MRD determined the controls in the clay-hosted REE project? 15:24 Prediction of the path of the REE market as we move forward 17:01 What makes MRD stand out? 18:20 Discussion about the REE market 20:17 Conclusion Samso's Conclusion When investing in the Clay Rare Earth sector, it is crucial to consider the economic viability of the processing flow sheet, and, while the industry has yet to determine its profitability, this does not mean it won't become a viable option. However, it is important to acknowledge that the industry is still in its early stages, and there will be a steep learning curve filled with uncertainty. The industry has successfully identified the process of leaching out the Rare Earth Elements (REE), but the economic outcome in terms of profitability remains uncertain. The REE sector, including both hard rock and "Clay/ionic/alluvial" types, has gained attention in investment circles due to recent geopolitical developments. China's dominance in this sector is widely recognised and understood. The previous discussion on REE in the investment community was short-lived in 2010, as the market experienced rapid fluctuations. However, the current rise of the REE sector has shown more resilience, having been present for a couple of years, largely due to the new "cold war" with China. Balancing the REE sector will require time, and investors in this sector must cultivate patience, akin to the patience required for fishing. It is frustrating to continually emphasize that mining projects are measured in terms of years to decades, while investors, particularly new ones, expect quick results within weeks or months. Unfortunately, such quick results are unlikely to occur. Regarding Mount Ridley, they have a solid strategy, and recent results indicate a viable business. However, the investment community needs to learn to be patient and learn to "PARK" their money.

In Episode 186 of Coffee with Samso, Dr Mike Jones, the Managing Director of Impact Minerals Limited (ASX: IPT), educates us on the ins and outs of the HPA business. The HPA (High Purity Alumina) story for Impact Minerals is now all about the economic process of making HPA. There are no longer any questions on the tonnage or the grade. In simple terms, the company is at the business end of the mineral resource sector. Impact Minerals to acquire advanced HPS project in Western Australia One of the key aspects of understanding Impact Minerals is to have a clear view of the company's business. Impact is in the business of HPA and what that means is that it needs to deliver High Purity Alumina in the 3N or 4N level (Figure 1). Figure 1: The HPA business detailing the different products and the potential income. (Source: Impact Minerals Limited). When considering companies like Impact Minerals, the initial association is often with mineral exploration. However, it is important to view Impact from a fresh perspective. In this episode, Dr. Mike Jones discusses the company's current focus on the Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS) phase, which aims to determine the profitability of the Lake Hope HPA project. This shift in focus highlights Impact's commitment to reaching a stage of financial success, distinguishing it from the negative reputation often associated with mineral exploration companies. Samso's Conclusion Impact Minerals is a company that often goes unnoticed despite its promising projects. Currently, they are actively promoting the Lake Hope project, which has been discussed extensively by Mike during the past two Coffee with Samso sessions. It is evident that the Lake Hope HPA project holds significant value for the company. Impact Minerals Limited (ASX: IPT) - A Low Cost HPA story in Western Australia. It is worth mentioning that Impact Minerals' Broken Hill project was among the six projects worldwide selected for the prestigious BHP Xplor program. On 17th of January 2023, the company issued a release providing further details about their participation in the BHP Xplor program. BHP Xplor, an accelerator program introduced by BHP in August 2022, is designed to help provide participants with the opportunity to accelerate their growth and the potential to establish a long-term partnership with BHP and its global network of partners. Impact received up to US$500,000 in cash payments from BHP over the next six months and gained access to a network of internal and external experts to help guide development in the technical, business, and operational aspects of the company. This means that the management of Impact demonstrated credibility by successfully participating in and gaining acceptance for the Broken Hill project. This is a significant achievement, as only six recipients were chosen for this program, indicating a high level of quality. While the market trader may perceive Impact Minerals' market capitalisation of 34.37M as high, there is an underlying value that will yield positive results in the future. The Arkun project, which we discussed in a recent episode of Coffee with Samso, is located in a jurisdiction occupied by Tier-1 resource companies like Anglo-American. This provides strong evidence of its prospectivity (Figure 2). Figure 2: The Arkun project and its neighbours. (Source: Impact Minerals Limited) The Lake Hope project is currently in the "Feasibility" stage, and the initial excitement surrounding it has diminished in the market. However, this does not undermine the value that Impact Minerals is creating for its shareholders. There are two aspects of Impact Minerals that I appreciate. Firstly, the Lake Hope project is undeniably the company's flagship at the moment. Secondly, there is potential for significant growth from the Arkun and Broken Hill projects. Tune in to Mike's thoughts here. Chapters: 00:00 Start 00:20 Introduction 01:20 Updates from IPT 02:16 Economical parameters that make an HPA project viable 05:56 All about High Purity Alumina 07:54 The Cost Curve Analysis 11:23 Discussion about entry into the HPA market 12:43 The HPA space after the commodity market softening 14:07 The market for HPA 16:04 The Arkun Project 20:51 The Forward Plan 24:52 Is Lake Hope is still the Perfect Orebody? 25:33 How should investors view Impact? 26:55 Why should investors believe that Impact will deliver the end story? 29:00 With the current interest rate trend, is it a good time for companies like Impact Minerals? 30:55 Why should investors invest in Impact Minerals? 31:48 Conclusion

Coffee with Samso Episode 184 is with Julian Ford, CEO of Riversgold Limited (ASX: RGL) updating us on Riversgold's exploration activities since the last conversation in March 2023. Jump straight to the interview In our previous conversation, we discussed Riversgold Limited as a lithium explorer that I found interesting. One of the reasons I liked them is because they were among the few companies actively engaged in genuine mineral exploration for lithium. It's important for people to understand that the recent discoveries in the lithium sector have largely come from reevaluating previous exploration efforts. Companies have revisited their drill cores and discovered that the historical drilling had indeed encountered pegmatites. Samso is not begruding of the success of these companies, such as the Mount Holland Lithium project, which is now privately owned and operated by Covalent Lithium. Riversgold, on the other hand, continues its exploration activities in search of valuable lithium-bearing pegmatite. What I find interesting about Riversgold is their Northern Zone project. When I was researching this topic, I initially found their release titled Farm-in to Significant Porphyry Hosted Gold Project a bit confusing because the project had yielded promising results. The company is proceeding cautiously to ensure the reliability of these results, which I believe demonstrates prudent management. Julian, in particular, discusses the project and takes a measured view of its potential. What does Porphyry mean? Here is a description of what a porphyry deposit means from Earth Science Australia: The major products from porphyry copper deposits are copper and molybdenum or copper and gold. The term porphyry copper now includes engineering as well as geological considerations; It refers to large, relatively low-grade, epigenetic, intrusion-related deposits that can be mined using mass mining techniques. Geologically, the deposits occur close to or in granitic intrusive rocks that are porphyritic in texture. There are usually several episodes of intrusive activity, so expect swarms of dykes and intrusive breccias. The country rocks can be any kind of rock, and often there are wide zones of closely fractured and altered rock surrounding the intrusions. As is described following, this country rock alteration is distinctive and changes as you approach mineralization. Where sulphide mineralization occurs, surface weathering often produces rusty-stained bleached zones from which the metals have been leached; if conditions are right, these may redeposit near the water table to form an enriched zone of secondary mineralization. Figure 1: A schematic diagram of the basic structure of a porphyritic profile. What is the significance of a Porphyry deposit? Based on my experience, it is quite rare to find a fertile porphyry that contains only gold. Most porphyry deposits are typically associated with copper. However, Julian informs us that their system at the Northern Zone is devoid of any other metals and is solely a gold system. When we examine the historical drilling results, we can observe significant depth of mineralization, and the grades fall within the range of atypical mineralised porphyry gold system. Julian has mentioned that they are currently awaiting the results from their recent drilling program. These results will help confirm the assay content and determine if there is any false enrichment present (see below). Completion of Diamond Drilling of Northern Zone 26km ESE of Kalgoorlie It will be fascinating to see the assay numbers and gain a better understanding of the potential of this project. The core samples from the drilling program appear to be in excellent condition, which further adds to the anticipation of the assay results. Listen to Julian Ford here: Chapters: 00:00 Start 00:20 Introduction 01:03 Updates from Riversgold 02:57 The Gold Porphyry story 11:22 Metallurgical Cyanide Bottle Roll Test Results 13:37 How did the Northern Zone Project fly under the radar for so long? 19:34 Mt Weld Project 20:54 How should shareholders look at Riversgold? 23:04 Newsflow 23:50 Is the Porphyry story the main focus of Riversgold? 25:26 Why Riversgold? 26:03 Conclusion Samso's Conclusion The Riversgold story is an evolving narrative, and I appreciate the adventurous spirit of their projects. Julian impresses me as a composed and strategic individual who possesses a deep understanding of his work. When examining the Northern Zone project, the drilling results are remarkable and align with the expectations for a sizable deposit with low-grade bulk tonnage. According to the Visual Capitalist, porphyry deposits are very large, polymetallic systems that typically contain copper along with other important metals. Much of today's mineral production depends on porphyries: 60% of copper, 95% of molybdenum, and 20% of gold comes from this deposit type. The Bingham Canyon Mine, located in Utah and owned by Rio Tinto and in production since 1906, annually produces approximately:

• 300,000 tons of copper
• 400,000 oz of gold
• 4,000,000 oz of silver
• 30,000,000 lbs of molybdenum

The value of the resources extracted to date from the Bingham Canyon Mine is greater than the Comstock Lode, Klondike, and California gold rush mining regions combined. So as you can see above, the magnitude of finding a deposit of this nature in a Tier-1 jurisdiction like Western Australia is going to make Riversgold appreciate in market capitalisation.

Coffee with Samso Episode 185 is with Matt Szwedzicki, Managing Director of West Cobar Metals Limited (ASX: WC1) The REE story for West Cobar is taking shape showing that the volume of resources does exist. The release recently has put that question to bed. A quadruple of the previous resource is plenty. Critically, the upgrade of the resource at the Newmont prospect from Inferred to Indicated is even more impressive. Matt Szwedzicki, in this episode of Coffee with Samso gives a great summary of where West Cobar is at with the Salazar Rare Earth project. The resources are up and the market will have no fears for the project not having enough tonnes (Figure 1). Table 1: Total Resources for West Cobar Metals Limited. (Source: West Cobar Metals Limited) Interestingly, when Matt was asked if there were more tonnes, his answer was sharp and precise. There are enough tonnes and it is now all about showing the market what the economics will look like with dollars and cents. The market knows that there is no longer a question about the leachability of the Salazar resources. We closed that conversation off with the Rooster Talk 74 with Matt going through their metallurgical results. See below for links to that conversation.

• West Cobar Metals Limited (ASX: WC1) - The Metallurgical Results
• West Cobar Metals Limited (ASX: WC1) - The Salazar Metallurgical Results. Full Episode.

We discussed the recent news on Gallium and what it means for the company. The conversation continued onto the Nevada lithium project where the company was starting a drilling program. Samso's Conclusion The West Cobar journey is one of the most interesting of all the rare earth stories that have come across the Samso platform. I say interesting because they have a unique suite of potential by products that others seem to not have. As many would know, Samso has had a few Rare Earth stories come through the platform and we have learned a lot about several types of Rare Earth deposits. The Salazar stands out as it has a HPA resource and a REE resource that is Tier 1 (relative to the Australia Clay deposits). For those people who have watched the Coffee with Samso series, there was a mention of scandium in the Salazar deposit. The mention of Gallium in the mix makes the thought of credits while mining the Rare Earth a good mix. I am not saying that the credits will happen as there are many mining scenarios where what seems like value in metal is actually not profitable to keep and process. Take the Delta Lithium Limited (Red Dirt Metal Limited) scenario of having up to 300,000 ounces of gold but it does not get a mention because the value in the lithium far exceeds the need to recover the gold. However, if we look at the potential scenario for West Cobar, the soft market pricing of REE makes the proposition of multi commodities to suppress mining costs could be its joker card. The little that makes a mining proposition for Salazar is going to be good for the hip pocket. Time will tell us what the ultimate solution but investors need to remind themselves that mining projects are measured in multiple years to decades. I can say that the Salazar deposit is making all the right noise but unfortunately, the longevity of a company to pursue the project is not factored by the quality of the project. Chapters: 00:00 Start 00:20 Introduction 01:30 Salazar Clay-REE resource quadruples 05:34 What does a higher proportion of MREO mean for WC1? 06:52 The current rare earths market 08:38 Gallium at the Newmont REE deposit 11:56 Could the amphibolite be the dark horse? 15:05 Is the recent restriction on Gallium short-term? 17:55 Drilling at the Nevada Lithium Project 21:18 Metallurgical news 23:51 Additional news flow 25:13 Why investors should look at West Cobar Metals? 26:23 Conclusion

Mineral exploration is a complex and evolving field that has undergone significant advancements over the years. It involves a meticulous process of discovery, as exemplified by projects like Olympic Dam, which required almost two decades of planning and a decade of execution. The understanding of geology and manually handling exploration techniques, which was once laborious and time-consuming, is rapidly becoming obsolete. Photo by Sabrianna on Unsplash In the rapidly evolving landscape of decarbonization and clean energy, it's understandable that investors and geoscientists may prioritize exploring commodities like lithium and more recently, rare earth elements. The field of mineral exploration has undergone significant changes since I entered it in 1992. The methods and technologies we use have evolved dramatically over time. However, one noticeable trend in the exploration industry is the decline of diamond exploration. In this episode of Samso Insight 113, we delve into a captivating discussion with Thomas Reddicliffe about the extensive search for the largest diamond mine. It's a topic that has intrigued many over the years, and we're excited to bring you this insightful conversation. If you've been following Samso, you might recall our previous discussion on the discovery of Olympic Dam. That was quite a journey in itself, and now we have the opportunity to explore the world of diamond exploration with Thomas Redicliffe. Thomas joined the scene in 1976, towards the end of the discovery process. He provides us with a fascinating narrative of the glory days of diamond exploration and brings us up to speed on recent developments, from even just a few years ago. It's truly a remarkable journey that he shares with us. Of course, there are many other thought leaders who could have contributed to this Samso Insight, and these will come in time. For now, we are lucky to have Thomas with us, so we hope you enjoy this episode and gain valuable insights into the world of diamond mining. The Olympic Dam Story: An Insight into the Mineral Exploration Genius of WMC Limited. The inspiration to get Samso Insight Episode 113 completed is my appreciation of what it took to discover Argyle. The book by Stuart Kells entitled "Argyle - The Impossible Story of Australian Diamonds" which you can purchase on Amazon or Melbourne University Press (MUP) , was the impetus for my eagerness to try and document as much as I can to make sure the story is on the Samso Platform. Samso's Conclusion Diamond exploration is a specialised form of mineral exploration that is facing challenges and changes that involve non-geological factors, particularly in "developed" jurisdictions. Diamonds have long captivated people of all ages and are widely recognised as one of the most well-marketed commodities in the world. Diamonds are crystalline forms of carbon that are created deep within the Earth under high temperatures and extreme pressures. At surface air atmospheric pressure (one atmosphere), diamonds are less stable than graphite, and therefore, the thermodynamic conditions favour the decay of diamond (δH = -2 kJ/mol). Historical records indicate that diamonds were known to burn during Roman times (Magill School of Computer School). It is worth noting that the marketing efforts of De Beers have played a significant role in establishing and sustaining the diamond market. Diamonds, regardless of scientific knowledge, are cherished and adored today as a beautiful crystal that brings joy to everyone. From the perspective of a geoscientist, the search for diamonds holds great excitement and intrigue. I consider myself fortunate to have entered the field during a time when diamond exploration was at its peak. In the 1990s, the quest for diamonds was in its final decade of glory, and the expertise of many experienced practitioners has since become scarce. The individuals who had mastered the art of diamond exploration are now approaching the end of their careers, and I worry that their valuable skills will be lost. While new geoscientists will undoubtedly acquire the necessary knowledge and techniques through a structured learning process, there are certain intangible skills that can only be honed through years of practice. It is these skills that I fear may be forgotten, and relearning them would be akin to reinventing the wheel. Chapters: 00:00 Start 00:20 Introduction 02:10 Diamond exploration - a discussion 03:19 Rundown of the search in 1973 10:04 Pragmatic approach to exploration 11:27 Treating indicator minerals for analysing 13:12 Ellendale discovery 16:27 Lamproites and Kimberlites 19:26 Discussion about the economic side 22:06 The situation after Ellendale 24:12 Was there a difference between indicator minerals? 26:05 The last 10 years of active diamond exploration 27:15 Would the technology today help with the exploration cost? 28:19 Was stream sampling more effective? 29:25 Is there still an "Argyle" today? 34:36 Discussion about Argyle 42:21 The future of the diamond industry 53:17 Conclusion

Samso Insight Episode 114 is with Dr Diana Zivak, Senior Geologist with the Geological Survey of South Australia. The recent interest in Clay Rare Earth continues to be somewhat a mysterious journey with what is a good deposit. Diana has given us in Samso Insight 114 a string of thoughts that will give viewers and listeners more information to ponder as we weave through information that is released into the public domain. Dr Diana Zivak who is contracted by the Geological Survey of South Australia has done a fantastic job in this episode with some of her thoughts on the virtues of the Clay Rare Earth journey. People who have followed the Samso story will know that I am very bullish on the prospectivity of South Australian geology. In this episode of Samso Insights, we also touched on this aspect. I hope it will help build curiosity for those interested in exploring in South Australia. Samso's Conclusion The whole Clay Rare Earth sector is still a learn as you go process. I dont think there is anyone out there that would tell you that they know everything. Currently, the one consistent commentator of the sector is the market. If your stock goes up, then that is perceived as a good result. If your share price tanks, then that is not good. The form of understanding at the moment is coming from a barometer that is not the most versed source of information. As Diana agrees, the industry is learning that there are many different types of Clay Rare Earth projects. There are also no two type of project that are the same which means that the enrichment process is distinctly unique from one deposit to another. This adds to the complexity of determining which project is going to be the ideal formula. West Cobar Metals which have the Salazar deposit has now identified the presences or Gallium. Gallium may now be one or the start of a series of elements that could create more value as a by product in the Salazar project. GALLIUM IDENTIFIED AT NEWMONT REE DEPOSIT I think the long term prospectivity of the REE market is one that investors need to believe and take a view as a position. Personally, I believe that all commodities need to be seen as a positive because of the path to decarbonisation. What Dr Diana Zivak and i touched on as well is the overall prospectivity in South Australia. This is a good discussion as there is a lack of concentrated mineral exploration in the South Australian scene. There are many valid reasons why this has been the case but it does not take away the prospectivity. The South Australian geology has not come close to unveiling its secrets but with the Geological Survey releasing an increasing set of data, I think the early movers will reap the rewards. Chapters: 00:00 Start 00:20 Introduction 01:48 About Dr. Diana Zivak 06:17 Where technology is today in terms of the analytical part? 09:13 The clay hosted rare earths story 19:19 Is Geomorphology a factor ? 25:22 Heavy rare earth metals 31:56 Discussion about the Gawler 42:22 Multi-commodity processing 45:14 Discussion about lithium in South Australia 49:55 Different mineralisation styles 53:02 Closing comments 56:05 Conclusion

Coffee with Samso Episode 183 is all the Brothers Rare Earth Discovery. The discovery of a high grade clay Rare Earth project by Venture Minerals Limited (ASX:VMS) in the Golden Grove district needs to be noticed. The depth of intercept and the high grade is up amongst the top tier projects in Western Australia. Venture's Maiden Drilling program confirms High Grade clay hosted REE Discovery at the Brothers Project The REE Journey begins for Venture Minerals Limited ? In April 2023, the Venture Minerals announced the introduction of the Iron Duke REE project into the Brothers project on a Rooster Talk - Venture Minerals Limited (ASX: VMS) - Building a Rare Earth Portfolio in Western Australia. The REE story for the company was a slow build up over the last 18 months. Venture set to commence drilling at the Iron Duke High Grade REE Project Chapters: 00:00 Start 00:20 Introduction 00:57 High Grade clay hosted REE discovery at the Brothers Project 02:00 Reason for high grade 07:01 Direction of the Big Brothers Project 09:46 Is the Big Brothers Project the focus for VMS? 11:02 Discussion on metallurgy 11:57 How should investors look at VMS? 15:38 News flow 18:17 Why VMS? 21:13 Conclusion Rare Earth Market Status One of the first indicator of the fortunes of the Rare Earth exploration sector is the rise or fall of the REE market pricing. As we all concurrently, the market is looking at a bearish price sentiment which has created anxiety for many investors. One cannot argue that the bear is out of hibernation. What many the supporters of the bear is forgetting is that this market has been created out of a geopolitical situation. The current changing focus of world politics, in my opinion has made metals such as REE attractive. The future needs of the REE components are going to add to the demand in the market. AS all investors know, the long term is where money is made. This is a well know fact and again, investors forget that the mining game is all about the long term. The mining sector is measure in decades and not months nor years. There are mines that have happened in years, such as Nova Bollinger (Ni) and DeGrussa (Copper), but they are few and very far in between. What makes Venture Minerals a good bet? What Venture Minerals does best is to create diversified projects which continue to create value when it seems insurmountable to find value. I have said this many times about when I first had a Coffee with Samso with Andrew Radonjic and finding the value in the numerous projects. Why and how can do continue to do this? This is where experienced management comes to the front of the game. The value in the Brothers project is prime example. How did they come up with a project that looked liked an outlier but with drilling, it is now possibly standing out to be a contender in the Rare Earth race. The Decarbonisation Problem. The world is intent on achieving a state where there is clean energy use but the journey is going to be long and hard. The whole concept of achieving that level is not being helped with the persistent sectors of the population believing that restricting mining is going to be the solution. There is no going back to the old ways of "Non-Decarbonisation" thinking. This is something that is established. I had a coffee with someone in South Australia and he was proudly telling me about the way the state has gone to renewable energy. The process of creating a world of less "dirty energy" is now no longer news. This is an expected path. Samso's Conclusion Andrew Radonjic has pulled another rabbit out of his hat. The Brothers project is one that I certainly did think had a great chance for some glory. In our last Coffee with Samso, we discussed that the historical drilling would make this project very interesting. Venture to JV into Neighbouring REE project hosting drill intersections up to 49 metres @ 1,313 ppm TREO The two drill holes that was announced was into bedrock which would have suggested that there could be more to come. The recent release has made that thought come true. Does this make the Brothers project a stand out? I dont think one can say that now as there is still the issue of the metallurgical question. What I have learnt is that they will come back and show that it will leach. How much acid.,...etc. will be the main topic of conversation. Is this something that will carry Venture Minerals back to its glory days when it was a darling for retail investors, I think not immediately. I like the numbers that have come up but I think the market is saturated with a lot of REE stories. The markets needs to understand what kind of project is going to make the grade and what will not. The initial Ionic vs. Non-Ionic debate is now a thing of the past as we have discussed many times, there is more to the discussion than the Acid content. What I know now is that there are several projects that have something different that I believe make them unique. For Venture Minerals, it is their location (proximity to the new Lynas story), the grade and the depth of mineralisation. They are not in the typical REE areas and there are no potential land issues. All these factors, in my opinion, makes Venture different.

Coffee with Samso Episode 182 is with Peter Harold, Managing Director of Poseidon Nickel Limited. Since taking the reins of Poseidon Nickel, Peter Harold has been steadily working towards restarting mining production. Today, Peter will address recent setbacks to restarting, as outlined in the company announcement of July 17. About Poseidon Nickel Limited Poseidon Nickel Limited (ASX Code: POS) is a nickel sulphide exploration and development company with three projects located within a radius of 300km from Kalgoorlie in the Goldfields region of Western Australia and a resource base of around 400,000 tonnes of nickel and 180,000 ounces of gold (Figure 1). Poseidon owns the Windarra, Black Swan and the Lake Johnston Nickel Projects. In addition to the mines and infrastructure including concentrators at Black Swan and Lake Johnston, these projects have significant exploration opportunities demonstrated by the discovery of the Golden Swan high-grade resource discovered at Black Swan in 2020. Abi Rose deposit at Lake Johnston and the recent nickel intersections along the Western Ultramafic at Lake Johnston. Figure 1: Project location. (Source: Poseidon Nickel Limited) Black Swan Restart Despite the solid progress made since the November 2022 Black Swan BFS was delivered the decision to restart Black Swan has been delayed due a combination of factors including:

• The later availability of grid power;
• The need to complete additional metallurgical testwork;
• The continuing tightness of the WA labour market;
• Ability to secure accommodation in Kalgoorlie for FIFO workers; and
• The volatility in global commodity and equity markets.

The Company expects a more favourable environment for project development into 2024. The primary aim of the Company remains restarting Black Swan when all the above items have been resolved and the nickel price outlook and equity markets are more favourable. Figure 2: Poseidon Nickel's assets strategically located in Western Australia. (Source: Poseidon Nickel Limited) Company Mission The commencement of mining and processing at Black Swan is viewed as a first step in the Company's "Fill the Mill" strategy and growing the business to a 15ktpa plus nickel producer over the next 5-10 years. Poseidon owns three significant nickel assets with a combined resource of close to 400kt of nickel and processing capacity of up to 3.7Mtpa of ore to produce nickel concentrate. The Company's business strategy remains focussed on leveraging its existing asset base to grow Poseidon into a significant nickel producer over a period of expected significant growth in nickel demand, largely driven by growth in the electric vehicle market. BLACK SWAN NICKEL PROJECT • Open pit and underground mineral resources • Significant established mining and processing infrastructure • Bankable Feasibility Study completed LAKE JOHNSTON NICKEL PROJECT • Strong exploration potential • Significant established mining and processing infrastructure • Previous mining studies being reviewed WINDARRA NICKEL/GOLD PROJECTS • Significant nickel mineral resource • Potential to mine nickel ore and process at Black Swan • Gold tailings resource with BFS Black Swan

• 2.2Mtpa processing plant
• Silver Swan underground 12.9kt Ni (grade - 9.5%)
• Golden Swan underground 6.3kt Ni (grade - 3.9%)
• Silver Swan Tailings - 6.2kt Ni (grade - 0.92%)
• Black Swan Disseminated 181kt Ni (grade - 0.63%)
• Southern Terrace remains prospective for additional high grade discoveries

History The Black Swan Project is located approximately 600km east of Perth and 50km northeast of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia and 300kms South of Poseidon's Windarra Nickel Project. The project commenced operations in 1997 and operated continuously until 2008. The following production was achieved: Black Swan Open Pit - 5.9Mt @ 0.7% Ni for 41kt Ni Silver Swan Underground - 2.7Mt @ 5.1% Ni for 138kt Ni Total production 179kt Ni concentrate Poseidon Business Strategy The Company's pathway to production was significantly progressed during FY22 with two metallurgical breakthroughs which should significantly improve the economics of the Black Swan project. The first involves incorporating a rougher concentrate regrind into its process flowsheet to significantly improve the quality of the smelter grade concentrate, which is expected to result in improved nickel payability. The second was testwork on a combined serpentinite and talc carbonate ore blend to produce a rougher concentrate which is amenable to both pressure oxidation and high-pressure acid leach to produce a mixed hydroxide precipitate. This culminated with the delivery of the Feasibility Study on the 1.1Mtpa project to produce high grade nickel concentrate suitable for conventional nickel smelters. Refer to ASX Release dated 21 November 2022 "Positive Black Swan Feasibility Study". The Company is now working with a short list of potential offtakers and project financiers with the aim of reaching a Financial Investment Decision. With the assistance of Poseidon's geological consultants, Newexco, the Company completed an exploration targeting report for Lake Johnston during FY22, with follow up reports for Black Swan and Windarra to be delivered in FY23. The Lake Johnston report identified the Western Ultramafic Unit as a priority, with a program of works approved to undertake 15,000 metres of RC drilling. The primary focus for Poseidon has been advancing the Black Swan Feasibility Study and during this process a major breakthrough on the metallurgy was achieved. The addition of a regrind mill which will utilise the existing Silver Swan mill, increases the nickel grade and reduces the MgO content of the final concentrate. This will make the smelter grade concentrate more attractive to traditional nickel smelters and should lead to optimal nickel payabilities being achieved. It was also recognised that a lower grade nickel concentrate (5-7% nickel) could be produced with a higher MgO content that should be attractive feed to both high pressure acid leach and pressure oxidation plants. Consequently, the scope of the Fill the Mill Strategy has been widened to include a full feasibility study on the "rougher concentrate option", which would mean recommissioning both the SAG and ball mills at Black Swan and operating at 2.2Mtpa throughput. This will also allow processing of the talc carbonate ore which is not included in the 1.1Mtpa throughput smelter grade concentrate study and has potential to increase the project life. Assuming a decision to proceed is made by early 2024, production of concentrate could commence by around end 2024. The decision on the larger tonnage, rougher concentrate project, will be dependent on the outcome of the feasibility study and discussion with potential customers for that product. Samso's Conclusions (Tony's Take) The POS journey has indeed been a long and winding road, full of false starts and unfulfilled promise, but the prospects of the company becoming a nickel producer should be looked at in a clear eyed fashion before making a serious assessment of the project. There have been recent setbacks, but the company is continuing to work through the issues identified and we therefore think it is only a matter of time before it will finally progress from explorer to miner. The long term outlook for nickel remains excellent and Poseidon is virtually unique, globally, amongst all those prospective and near term producers. It has multiple existing nickel assets from average to high to super high-grade ores and strong drilling exploration targets - and it has infrastructure valued conservatively at over $600 million replacement value. The share price is undeniably low, having taken a battering since the announcement of a delay to the project. In our opinion, there is a major disparity currently, between the market cap of circa $90 million and a more rationale valuation based on a continued pathway to production, and therefore a market cap approaching say $300 million plus. The battery minerals space is a dynamic environment at the moment and there is quite a lot of 'jockeying' taking place so it would not be entirely unexpected if the low price makes Poseidon a takeover target. However, the delay does not change our overall expectations and Poseidon continues to work closely with two shortlisted offtake and funding partners. At the same time, they are working on resolving the metallurgical and other issues outlined in their recent announcement. Once successfully finalised, the company will be positioned to announce a Final Investment Decision as well as Project Funding and Offtake Agreements. Consequently, we expect Poseidon will be substantially re-rated in due course and there are trading opportunities for the savvy investor. Chapters: 00:00 Start 00:20 Introduction 00:34 Updates from Poseidon 01:13 Metallurgy - Black Swan Restart 06:58 The global nickel market 10:23 Nickel from an ESG perspective 11:53 The cost effective advantage 17:42 The nickel market 21:44 Grid power not available to late 2024 24:43 Discussion about microgrids 26:12 Extending the mine life 28:26 Discussion about the finances 29:46 Share price performance 32:20 Concluding comments from Tony. 33:49 Conclusion

Coffee with Samso Episode 181 is with Richard Brescianini, Executive Director of Heavy Rare Earths Limited (ASX: HRE) The HRE story is a management-focused project led by Richard Brescianini, a highly experienced operator in the REE industry, and people like him are few and far between. His insights into the sector are extremely valuable, especially considering the lack of visibility to non-China related industries. Richard's time with Arafura Resources Limited is invaluable to the company. In this episode, you will get to know Richard and understand his thinking process as he drives the current project forward. Speaking with Richard, it becomes clear that he operates on a different wavelength. Viewers of Coffee with Samso should take away the fact that Richard is a skilled practitioner in a complex industry with its fair share of secrets. Richard has personally visited the factories that produce magnets and has engaged with both factories and refineries competing in an economy controlled by a State. It is interesting to note that while the Chinese State acts as the ultimate puppeteer, they also foster fierce competition within the sector to drive productivity. The HRE Story The story of Heavy Rare Earths Limited is all about the Cowalinya project in Western Australia. The project is located 70km south-east of Norseman, a small gold mining town 187km directly south of Kalgoorlie. Figure 1: Location of the Cowalinya project in Western Australia. (Source: Heavy Rare Earths Limited) The Cowalinya area was primarily chosen on the basis of historical drilling which indicated the presence of anomalous rare earths in fresh bedrock and higher grade supergene concentrations of rare earths in the overlying in-situ weathered saprolite profile. Samso's Conclusion Over the past 24 months, the Samso platform has had the privilege of showcasing a series of Clay Rare Earth stories. It has truly demonstrated why the Samso platform is effective in sharing stories in long form. The complexity of understanding the Clay REE business is precisely why the Coffee with Samso conversations with experts like Richard Brescianini are so valuable. In the case of Heavy Rare Earth, Richard emphasizes the importance of leaching the REE out with acids and finding the right balance between cost and profits. Essentially, the market price needs to be lower than the cost of extracting the metals. Richard's extensive industry experience and understanding of the complexities behind the scenes in China give him a unique advantage that his peers may not possess. One key takeaway from these conversations is that there is no longer any doubt about the ability to extract the metals. Numerous companies have released metallurgical results showing successful extraction. The focus now shifts to having the necessary resources, grade, and ingredients to make things happen. If someone discovers a more efficient method to extract a greater amount of metals from any grade, it would be a game-changer. It appears that the HRE resource will be substantially upgraded, with a higher grade than initially stated. The REE business is a long-term game, and wise investors should do their own research (DYOR) and consider long-term investment strategies. Looking ahead, a potential partnership in non-China based downstream operations could be the next step for HRE. This would add further value to the process. The Esperance region is an ideal location for such partnerships, especially if non-China economies aim to establish a stronger foothold in the supply of REE and manufacturing. It would be a logical decision for the Australian government to support the creation of value-adding industries in this area. Chapters: 00:00 Start 00:20 Introduction 00:43 Who is Richard Brescianini? 01:36 All about HRE 02:50 The HRE advantage in terms of metallurgy 10:01 Is there a geological control on the grade? 14:07 Is it all about labs now? 18:30 Ionic or non-ionic are not deal-breakers 22:34 Game changer in the clay sector 25:31 Importance of geological advantage 29:13 Future demand of the REE market 32:47 What needs to go right for HRE and what could go wrong for the likes of HRE? 39:20 The positives and negatives of the market 45:45 Economics in the REE market 49:41 News flow 52:27 Why HRE? 57:16 Conclusion