The provided sources discuss philosophical critiques of René Descartes' famous "cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am) statement. Bry Willis, writing for Philosophics.Blog, argues that Descartes' conclusion of a substantial "I" is flawed, asserting that it is a grammatical construct rather than a metaphysical discovery. The article highlights how Spinoza viewed doubt as ignorance, Kant saw the "I think" as a mere formal requirement for experience, and Hegel dismissed Descartes' "I" as an empty abstraction. Ultimately, Willis suggests that the very structure of Indo-European languages, which require a subject for verbs, may have inadvertently compelled Descartes to posit a "thinker" where perhaps only "thinking" existed.

https://philosophics.blog/2025/08/19/cogito-ergo-who/