In the final episode of this series, we reflect on the key takeaways from our exploration of worker struggles across Asia. The historical and geographical context of strike waves offers valuable insights, and the comparative analysis is important for understanding labor movements. We highlight the growing shift toward organizing in non-industrial sectors and the crucial role of grassroots mobilization. We also address the emerging importance of other groups of workers such as platform and care workers, exploring how labor movements must adapt to these new dynamics to remain relevant and effective.

We reflect on the key takeaways from our exploration of worker struggles across Asia. The historical and geographical context of strike waves offers valuable insights, and the comparative analysis is important for understanding labor movements. We highlight the growing shift toward organizing in non-industrial sectors and the crucial role of grassroots mobilization. We also address the emerging importance of other groups of workers such as platform and care workers, exploring how labor movements must adapt to these new dynamics to remain relevant and effective.

In the aftermath of the major strike waves across Asia in the 2010s, the initial worker victories in Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and China were met with increasing government repression and restrictive labor laws. We analyze the more repressive environment for labour activism, the deepening of neoliberal policies, and how workers are mobilizing beyond the workplace, engaging in broader political movements and structural change. We touch on the tensions between narrow factory-based industrial struggles and broader class-based movements. We end with a discussion about the growing activism of workers in public sectors and precarious positions, who have become more organized following the Covid-19 pandemic.

Set against the backdrop of the 2008 financial crisis and its significant impacts on export sectors in Asia, workers in Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and China rose in unprecedented numbers, demanding fair wages, better conditions, and stronger protections. This is a high point in the wave of workers' strikes and mobilizations that swept across Asia during the late 2000s and early 2010s. We are interested in how workers adapted their strategies, sometimes scaling up localized protests into larger movements or general strikes. Despite diverse political and economic contexts, these labor movements reveal a common thread of resilience and growth, as workers gained experience and confidence while confronting mounting global pressures.

Political reforms and market liberalization significantly shaped the terrains of workers’ struggles in Asia. While Cambodia, Indonesia, China and Vietnam have also all seen market liberalisation and export-oriented industrialisation, they experienced divergent political trajectories, with some undergoing democratization and others remaining as authoritarian states. In this episode, we look at the impacts of these developments, including the institutionalisation of labour relations such as in Cambodia, and the continuing political exclusion of labour as in Vietnam and China. We discuss how labour movements responded to the political and economic dynamics by drawing on a mixed repertoire of organizing, mobilization and advocacy.

Against the interdependence and dialectics of liberalization and integration into global capitalism, new working classes emerged in Asia as key actors in the 1990s and 2000s. This set the stage for the Asian strike waves of the 2010s. Looking at the divergent histories and parallel developments in Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and China, we consider how economic and political shifts spurred institutional transformations. As workers in varying contexts mobilized in response to both enabling and constraining industrial relations frameworks, labor activism in these countries evolved into diverse yet strikingly similar movements.

Welcome to Season 2 of Continent of Resistance, a structured and research-driven series. In this introductory episode, we discuss the changes since their first season and introduce the key themes of the new series. We reflect on their motivations for examining the wave of labor strikes across Asia in the late 2000s and early 2010s, sparked by a curiosity about why so many countries experienced simultaneous waves of worker activism: what triggered these strike waves? And what lessons can be drawn for future labor organizing?

(We thank Bayley Boecker for editing the series and voicing the episode introductions; and, we thank Dennis Arnold and Abu Mufakir for sharing their insights about Cambodia and Indonesia respectively)

In this special double-episode, we curate selected excerpts from our insightful discussions with activists and researchers throughout 2023. The featured discussions illuminate the challenges associated with organizing gig and freelance workers, showcase the unwavering resilience of women journalists and media professionals confronting issues of harassment and precarity, and dig into the mobilization efforts of logistics workers and South Korean truckers navigating the web of neoliberalism and authoritarianism. Our excerpts traverse diverse countries, including Myanmar, South Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines, providing an understanding of the multifaceted struggles faced by workers in these regions.

In this special double-episode, we curate selected excerpts from our insightful discussions with activists and researchers throughout 2023. The featured discussions illuminate the challenges associated with organizing gig and freelance workers, showcase the unwavering resilience of women journalists and media professionals confronting issues of harassment and precarity, and dig into the mobilization efforts of logistics workers and South Korean truckers navigating the web of neoliberalism and authoritarianism. Our excerpts traverse diverse countries, including Myanmar, South Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines, providing an understanding of the multifaceted struggles faced by workers in these regions.

Labor movements have aspired to establish their own political parties to contest state power. Indonesia has witnessed the emergence of such a party.

In this episode, we delve into the origin story of the Labor Party of Indonesia, exploring its goals and political agenda for the upcoming election. Muhammad Ridha, a candidate representing the Labor Party in next year's election, joins our conversation.

We spoke about the debates within the Party, labor struggle in Indonesia, the Party's conception of class and its role in bridging the gap between the working class and the Party.

Our cohost, Kiang, shares his experiences from engaging with co-operators, scholars and activists working with platform cooperatives around the world at a conference in Kerala, India.