CrashCourse

How did we get here? Well, in terms of Atomic Chemistry, Hank takes us on a tour of the folks that were part of the long chain of other folks who helped us get to these deeper understandings of the world. From Leucippus to Heisenberg to you - yes, YOU - the story of Atomic Chemistry is all wibbly-wobbly... and amazing.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

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Table of Contents

Leucippus, Democritus & Atomic Theory 0:09
Discharge Tubes 1:52
Ernest Rutherford & The Nucleus 4:22
Chemistry = Math 7:22
Niels Bohr Model 5:32
Heisenburg & Quantum Theory 6:35
--

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Photosynthesis is a powerful process that is responsible for some of life’s most vital functions. In fact, consumers like us rely on photosynthetic producers to harness energy from the sun so that we can survive and thrive. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll explore photosynthesis in two acts, and learn how the process works inside and out.

Chapters:
How Can We Feed the World? 00:00
Producers & Photosynthesis 1:26
Chloroplasts 4:04
The Light-Dependent Reactions 5:01
The Calvin Cycle 7:30
Carbon Fixation 10:27
Review & Credits 11:33

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Adriana Toyber, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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In which John Green teaches you about nation-building and nationalism in Latin America. Sometimes, the nations of Latin America get compared to the nations of Europe and are found wanting. This is kind of a silly comparison. The rise of democratic, economically powerful nations in Europe came about under a very different set of circumstances than the way nations arose in Latin America, so the regions are necessarily a lot different. But why? John will explore whether it was a lack of international war which impeded Latin America's growth, which sounds like a crazy thing to say, but you should hear him out.

Citations:

Citation 1: Centeno, Miguel Angel. Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-state in Latin America. Penn State U. Press. University Park, PA. 2002 p. 86
Citation 2: Centeno p. 90
Citation 3: Centeno p. 175
Citation 4: Centeno p. 275

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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In which John Green teaches you about World War 2, as it was lived on the home front. You'll learn about how the war changed the country as a whole, and changed how Americans thought about their country. John talks about the government's control of war production, and how the war probably helped to end the Great Depression. Broader implementation of the income tax, the growth of large corporations, and the development of the West Coast as a manufacturing center were also results of the war. The war positively changed the roles of women and African Americans, but it was pretty terrible for the Japanese Americans who were interred in camps. In short, World War II changed America's role in the world, changed American life at home, and eventually spawned the History Channel.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. At home in America, everyone joined in the war effort, with everyone contributing to American industry: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/how-american-industry-won-world-war-ii
But America had its fair share of shame, such as when the country turned away Jewish refugees on the St. Louis who would die in the Holocaust: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/jewish-refugees-on-the-st-louis
During World War II, there was also a painful period of Japanese relocation and internment throughout the country: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/japanese-relocation-during-world-war-ii

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Learn more about WWII in these other Crash Course videos:
Crash Course World History:
World War II (38): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q78COTwT7nE
World War II, A War for Resources (220): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-2q-QMUIgY

Crash Course European History:
World War II (38): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hs_JMydrxZM
World War II Civilians and Soldiers (39): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlx6ur_D51s
The Holocaust, Genocides, and Mass Murder of WWII (40): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQeDvnapdlg
Post-World War II Recovery (42): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlp068CmQaE

Crash Course Black American History:
World War II (31): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7wrwPnQVg4
---

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Changes in Government Function During WWII 0:34
WWII Economic Impact 1:56
Industrialization in WWII 3:06
Women at Work 3:51
Mystery Document 4:36
FDR's Four Freedoms 5:40
The GI Bill of Rights 6:36
Free Enterprise 6:58
American Attitudes About Race During WWII 7:37
Japanese-American Internment Camps 8:54
African-Americans in WWII 9:45
Post-WWII Developments 11:21
Credits 13:48

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

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What’s the life of a cell like? In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll follow a cell’s life cycle, from its beginning as a shiny new cell all the way to division via mitosis. We’ll learn how our cells control this process, and what happens when things go wrong.

Chapters:
Main Character Energy 00:00
Cellular Division 1:26
Interphase 2:36
Mitosis & Cytokinesis 5:06
The Cell Cycle Control System 8:24
Cancer 9:14
Review & Credits 9:53

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

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Chemistry raised to the power of AWESOME! That's what Hank is talking about today with Electrochemistry. Contained within, Hank discusses electrochemical reactions, half-reactions, how batteries work, galvanic cells, voltage, standard reduction potential, cell potential, electrolysis, electroplating, and the things that go into making it possible for you to watch this episode of Crash Course Chemistry!

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Electro-Chemical Reactions 0:13
Half Reactions 1:42
How Batteries Work 1:47
Galvanic Cells 3:18
Calculating Voltage 4:12
Standard Reduction Potential 4:42
Standard Cell Potential 6:03
Electrolysis 7:24
Electroplating 7:02
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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This week, Stan teaches you about patents. It turns out, they're patently complicated! So, patents have some similarities to copyright, in that they grant a limited monopoly to people who invent things. The key difference between patents and copyright is that patents are for THINGS. Copyright is for an idea. So, if you've come up with a great new invention, like for example, a condiment gun, you should get a patent. We'll also talk about some of the limitations and problems of patents, including patent trolls

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode, Pigmy Wurm, Sverre Rabbelier, Liubko Qwert, Denis Anton, Dagongdong-Thorpe, Gwendolyn Gillson, Caleb S Dockter, Tessa Huddleston, Michael Hughes-Narborough, Alex Freeman-Smith

*****
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
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Ever wonder why we aren’t exact clones of our parents, or why siblings aren’t exactly alike? The reason traces back to meiosis. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll discover how egg and sperm cells get made and learn why you’re a totally unique remix of your parents’ DNA.

Introduction: Why Are We All Unique? 0:00
Gametes 1:33
Meiosis 4:09
The Phases of Meiosis 4:44
Nondisjunction 7:14
Why We Aren't Clones 8:18
Meiosis & Genetic Diversity 9:49
Review & Credits 11:32

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, pinapples of solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In which John Green teaches you about World War II, a subject so big, it takes up two episodes. This week, John will teach you how the United States got into the war, and just how involved America was before Congress actually declared war. John will actually talk a little about the military tactics involved, and he'll get into some of the weaponry involved, specifically the huge amount of aerial bombing that characterized the war, and the atomic bombs that ended the war in the Pacific.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Americans entered World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-attack-on-pearl-harbor
A call for soldiers led to an early civil rights victory, the Tuskegee Airmen: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/tuskegee-airmen
America led the invasion of Normandy that would end the war, and American troops helped to liberate surviving Jews from Nazi concentration camps throughout Europe: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/liberation-of-nazi-concentration-camps

---
Learn more about WWII in these other Crash Course videos:
Crash Course World History:
World War II (38): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q78COTwT7nE
World War II, A War for Resources (220): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-2q-QMUIgY

Crash Course European History:
World War II (38): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hs_JMydrxZM
World War II Civilians and Soldiers (39): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlx6ur_D51s
The Holocaust, Genocides, and Mass Murder of WWII (40): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQeDvnapdlg
Post-World War II Recovery (42): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlp068CmQaE

Crash Course Black American History:
World War II (31): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7wrwPnQVg4
---

Chapters:
Introduction: WWII 00:00
American Isolationism Pre-WWII 1:07
American Support for Allies in WWII 3:38
Pearl Harbor 5:03
WWII Fighting in the Pacific 5:43
WWII Fighting in Europe 6:35
Mystery Document 7:30
The End of WWII 8:38
Hiroshima, Nagasaki, & the Atomic Bomb 9:25
Credits 12:54


Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/

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When we think of how we respond to outbreaks, we often think of physical things like vaccines or medicines, but there is another factor that is just as critical to understand: culture! Culture determines how we collaborate and use the resources at our disposal in the face of an outbreak. So in this episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science, we'll look at the ways culture impacts our outbreak response, and in turn how outbreaks can change our cultures.

This episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science was produced by Complexly in partnership with Operation Outbreak and the Sabeti Lab at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard—with generous support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.

Music:
Sad Trio by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4314-sad-trio
License: https://filmmusic.io/standard-license

Sources:
https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/334269/14780_World-Health-Organisation_Context-of-Health_TEXT-AW-WEB.pdf
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_5
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Giovanni-Travaglino/publication/341659861_Explaining_Compliance_with_Social_Distancing_Norms_during_the_COVID-19_Pandemic_The_Roles_of_Cultural_Orientations_Trust_and_Self-Conscious_Emotions_in_the_US_Italy_and_South_Korea/links/5ed4c8c6299bf1c67d32251d/Explaining-Compliance-with-Social-Distancing-Norms-during-the-COVID-19-Pandemic-The-Roles-of-Cultural-Orientations-Trust-and-Self-Conscious-Emotions-in-the-US-Italy-and-South-Korea.pdf
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0239795
https://gh.bmj.com/content/5/7/e002732
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/irish-journal-of-psychological-medicine/article/culture-counts-the-diverse-effects-of-culture-and-society-on-mental-health-amidst-covid19-outbreak-in-australia/18E900AC207F81535F8DF0EA6F31347C
https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp9899/99Rp27
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032720326392?casa_token=Rs1EtVPXR1oAAAAA:ULic-Jn669YcT80_7nxnF9hGoEyrsy6HPUdWv8UaQpiDqUlXnQlIc6h8V7aCIK-95RiRkFUmlhk
https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/cdc-trained-disease.html
https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm
https://pubs.ciphi.ca/doi/full/10.5864/d2020-009
https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2015/0913/In-aftermath-of-Ebola-Sierra-Leone-finds-forgiveness-is-a-powerful-resource
https://fambultok.org/about/our-story

***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie, Jaime Willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Cr

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices