CrashCourse

In this episode, Katie Mack and John Green discuss why life was able to happen.

Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.

This show is a production of Complexly. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Chapters
0:00 Introduction
2:10 The Elements We're Made Of
25:25 Our Solar System Forms
31:04 Life on Earth
41:32 Life on Other Planets
55:33 The Human Pursuit of Understanding

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks, Vaso
__

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Hank bursts our ideal gas law bubble, er, balloon, and brings us back to reality, explaining how the constants in the gas law aren't all that constant; how the ideal gas law we've spent the past two weeks with has to be corrected for volume because atoms and molecules take up space and for pressure because they're attracted to each other; that Einstein was behind a lot more of what we know today than most people realize; and how a Dutch scientist named Johannes van der Waals figured out those correction factors in the late 19th century and earned a Nobel Prize for his efforts.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Constants in the Gas Laws Aren't all that Constant 1:20
The Ideal Gas Law has to be Corrected for Volume and Pressure 3:26
Einstein was the Bomb 5:02
Van Der Waals Equation 9:38
Never Give Up! 10:08

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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What counts as design? What counts as art? And how did this debate start? In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll trace the history of privileging some materials and techniques over others. We’ll explore how street fashion, dinner plates, and a swan candelabrum blur boundaries that were never clear-cut to begin with.

Crash Course Art History #14
Introduction: "The Dinner Party" 00:00
A Timeline of the Debate 02:03
Folk Art 05:12
The Sapeurs 06:59
Blending Art & Design 08:04
Review & Credits 10:06

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks, Vaso
__

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In which John Green teaches you about various reform movements in the 19th century United States. From Utopian societies to the Second Great Awakening to the Abolition movement, American society was undergoing great changes in the first half of the 19th century. Attempts at idealized societies popped up (and universally failed) at Utopia, OH, New Harmony, IN, Modern Times, NY, and many other places around the country. These utopians had a problem with mainstream society, and their answer was to withdraw into their own little worlds. Others didn't like the society they saw and decided to try to change it. Relatively new Protestant denominations like the Methodists and Baptists reached out to "the unchurched" during the Second Great Awakening, and membership in evangelical sects of Christianity rose quickly. At the same time, Abolitionist societies were trying to free the slaves. Americans of the 19th century had looked at the world they were living in and decided to change it.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode.
Of all of the reform movements of the 1800s, few were as impactful as the movement to abolish slavery: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-revolutionary-rise-of-abolitionists
Women were heavily involved in the abolitionist movement and firsthand stories like freed slave Harriet Ann Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl were important to the cause: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/what-slaves-are-taught-to-think-of-the-north

Learn more about the abolitionist movement in Crash Course Black American History:
Maria Stewart (#14): https://youtu.be/nsVnWD5PrIg
Frederick Douglass (#17): https://youtu.be/7QOTexnD-NE

Chapters:
Introduction: Religious & Moral Reform Movements of the 19th Century 00:00
Shaker Communities 0:33
Latter Day Saints 1:21
Brook Farm 1:46
Other Utopian Communities 2:50
The 2nd Great Awakening 3:21
The Oneida Community 3:44
Values of the 2nd Great Awakening 4:25
The Temperance Movement 5:59
Asylums 7:02
Common Schools 7:29
The Abolitionist Movement 8:13
Resistance to the Abolitionist Movement 10:02
Abolitionist Writers 10:45
Mystery Document 11:40
Frederick Douglass 13:06
Credits 14:14

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The fourth planet from the sun and the outermost of the terrestrial planets, Mars has long been a popular spot for missions and imagination. Phil walks you through the planet's topography, core, and features. We'll take a look back at Mars's past and makes predictions for its future, including the possibilities for human life.


Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster

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Chapters:
Introduction: Mars 00:00
Mars is Red, Rusty, and Dusty 1:19
Surface Features of Mars 2:01
Mars's Polar Ice Caps 3:29
Martian Atmosphere 3:50
Martian Moons: Deimos and Phobos 5:09
Is There Water on Mars? 6:03
Was There Life on Mars? 7:09
Martian Missions 8:01
Review 9:26
--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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--

PHOTO/VIDEO SOURCES
Planets https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System#/media/File:Planets2013.jpg [credit: Wikimedia Commons]
Terrestrial Planets https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus#mediaviewer/File:Terrestrial_Planets_Size_Comp_True_Color.png [credit: Wikimedia Commons]
Curiosity’s view of martian soil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_soil#/media/File:PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS]
Mars Topography http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA02820 [credit: NASA/JPL]
Tharsis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tharsis_-_Valles_Marineris_MOLA_shaded_colorized_zoom_32.jpg/1280px-Tharsis_-_Valles_Marineris_MOLA_shaded_colorized_zoom_32.jpg [credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / Arizona State University]
Olympus Mons http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg [credit: NASA]
Valles Marineris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valles_Marineris#/media/File:Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg [credit: NASA/USGS]
Cappuccino swirls at Mars south pole http://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2015/02/cappuccino_swirls_at_mars_south_pole/15243840-1-eng-GB/Cappuccino_swirls_at_Mars_south_pole.jpg [credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin / Bill Dunford]
The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image 1 http://static.uahirise.org/images/2015/details/cut/ESP_039148_1980.jpg [credit: NASA]
The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image 2 http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/figures/PIA19127_fig1.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL]
Dunes, image 1 http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/20090317a/ESP_011909_1320.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona]
Dunes, image 2 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/pia17981.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona]
Serpent Dust Devil http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/pia15116.html [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona]
Tattooed Mars http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1500.html [credit: NASA, HiRISE, MRO, LPL (U. Arizona)]
Avalanche http://www.uahirise.org/ESP_016228_2650 [credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona]
Deimos https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Mars#/media/File:Deimos-MRO.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona]
Phobos https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Mars#/media/File:Phobos_colour_2008.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona]
Mars' Moon Phobos Eclipses the Sun, as Seen by Curiosity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OyZoD7BRTtg [credit: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
Material Excavated by a Fresh Impact and Identified as Water Ice http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA12220 [credit: NASA/JPL-Cal

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Our cultural perspectives shape how we perceive art, including who we see as contributing to its most important movements. In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll get to the truth behind the creation of modernism and bust the myth of its European beginning. We’ll show how modernism was a truly global movement, in which far-flung artists responded to a rapidly changing world.

Crash Course Art History #15
Introduction: "The Comedian" 00:00
How Modernism Started 00:54
Modernism's Influences 04:10
Decentering Europe 06:55
Multiple Modernisms 09:23
Review & Credits 10:47

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks, Vaso
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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We don't live in a perfect world, and neither do gases - it would be great if their particles always fulfilled the assumptions of the ideal gas law, and we could use PV=nRT to get the right answer every time. Unfortunately, the ideal gas law (like our culture) has unrealistic expectations when it comes to size and attraction: it assumes that particles do not have size at all and that they never attract each other. So the ideal gas "law" often becomes little more than the ideal gas estimate when it comes to what gases do naturally. But it's a close enough estimate in enough situations that it's very valuable to know. In this episode, Hank goes through a bunch of calculations according to the ideal gas law so you can get familiar with it.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Large Size + Attraction to Others 3:36
Mendeleev to the Rescue 2:30
The Hindenburg Disaster 6:19
Helium vs. Hydrogen 7:33
Making Fire with Cotton and Your Fist 10:15

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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This week we build on our naked eye observations from last week and take a look at the cyclical phenomena that we can see at work in the universe.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster

--

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Cycles in the Sky 0:42
The Zodiac 2:10
Planetary Movement 2:59
The Earth's Axis 3:36
Precession 6:09
Things We've Learned From Naked Eye Observations 7:09
Review 8:40

--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

--

PHOTOS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ascension#mediaviewer/File:Stars_and_ra.png
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecliptic_path.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sagittarius_Hevelius.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpius#mediaviewer/File:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Scorpio.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(constellation)#mediaviewer/File:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Libra.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)#mediaviewer/File:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Virgo.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leo_Hevelius.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_(constellation)#mediaviewer/File:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Cancer.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe#mediaviewer/File:GEO_Globe.jpg
http://sailornanny.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/5/0/10509307/4835516_orig.gif
http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/04/28/earth_elliptical_orbit.jpg.CROP.original-original.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_star#mediaviewer/File:Precession_N.gif

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In which John Green teaches you about the presidency of Andrew Jackson So how did a president with astoundingly bad fiscal policies end up on the $20 bill? That's a question we can't answer, but we can tell you how Jackson got to be president, and how he changed the country when he got the job. Jackson's election was more democratic than any previous presidential election. More people were able to vote, and they picked a doozie. Jackson was a well-known war hero, and he was elected over his longtime political enemy, John Quincy Adams. Once Jackson was in office, he did more to expand executive power than any of the previous occupants of the White House. He used armed troops to collect taxes, refused to enforce legislation and supreme court legislation, and hired and fired his staff based on support in elections. He was also the first president to regularly wield the presidential veto as a political tool. Was he a good president? Watch this video and draw your own conclusions.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. One of Andrew Jackson's most lasting and memorable policies was that of Indian removal: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/andrew-jackson-s-speech-to-congress-on-indian-removal
Jackson’s promotion of this cause led to the infamous Trail of Tears: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/excerpt-from-trail-of-tears-diary

Chapters:
Introduction: the Age of Jackson 00:00
Democracy in the United States 0:32
Economics during the Era of Good Feelings 1:56
The Monroe Doctrine 2:48
John Quincy Adams 3:17
The Missouri Compromise 3:56
Martin Van Buren, "The Little Magician", and other Presidential Nicknames 4:58
Andrew Jackson's Presidential Campaign 6:16
The Democratic Party 7:15
The Whig Party 7:41
Jackson's Tariffs 8:28
The Indian Removal Act & The Trail of Tears 9:37
American Banking Under Jackson 10:40
Mystery Document 10:56
Jackson Ends the Second U.S. Bank 12:00
Inflation and the Panic of 1837 12:53
Legacy of the Age of Jackson 13:54
Credits 14:35

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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From giant rock sculptures to Confederate statues, there’s something about public art that cranks up the temperature of debate. In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll learn about public art’s diversity of media, how it shapes collective identity, and why it seems to cause such intense controversy.

Crash Course Art History #16
Introduction: Confederate Monuments 00:00
What is Public Art? 1:13
Political Public Art 2:33
Public Art & Social Change: 06:38
Review & Credits 10:28

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing


***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan BridgemEmily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Ken Davidian, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Jon Allen, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, William McGraw, Vaso , Nathan Taylor, ClareG, Constance Urist, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

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