Well, not always, but one of the biggest problems is the lack of interoperability, where it is impossible or inefficient for users on one blockchain to make transactions or transfer data with another.
Just as the ARPANET became the internet we know today with the development of a TCP/IP, a handful of projects aim to be the connectivity technology that makes the whole blockchain ecosystem a seamless experience.
Polkadot is one example.
Gavin Wood, its most well-known co-founder, was also the co-founder of Ethereum and authored the yellow paper (a more technical version of a whitepaper).
As the project officially launched its much-anticipated first parachains slot auction (also called a parachain auction) on Nov. 12, now is a great time to understand what it aims to accomplish and how.
About Polkadot
Polkadot, founded in 2015, is positioned as a next-generation blockchain protocol capable of connecting multiple dedicated blockchain networks into a common network, allowing them to operate seamlessly at scale.
It is a blockchain that can be composed of multiple chains and uses a scalable heterogeneous multi-chain system.
Polkadot attempts to address the issues of scalability, speed, and cost by allowing for more personalized blockchains, interoperability and upgrades between chains, and self-governance of chains. In addition to supporting token transfers, Polkadot also supports the interchange of data between different chains.
Polkadot has three main network infrastructures.
Relay Chain: Called Polkadot’s master chain, it’s responsible for network sharing security, consensus and cross-chain interoperability, which can be thought of as a plug outlet with 100 slots.
Parachains: Processing data operations and transaction information, these can be thought of as different appliances connected to the plug outlet. These allow the blockchain to be expanded and solve the performance issues of the blockchain.
Bridges: These allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external networks like Ethereum and Bitcoin.
Polkadot was created to address the joint interaction of separate chains of value silos on Etheruem, similar to a Cross-Chain Bridge.
How Polkadot differs from Ethereum
Blockchain 1.0 essentially provided computing power for bookkeeping with a decentralized ledger, but there was no ecosystem. It was basically just Bitcoin.
Then Blockchain 2.0 emerged as Ethereum introduced programmable properties and smart contracts. However, there were problems like congestion and high transaction fees.
To solve these problems and explore new possibilities, projects in so-called Blockchain 3.0 are now booming, including Ethereum 2.0, Layer2 Rollups and other ecosystems.
Interoperability projects realize that blockchain is not a zero-sum game and that connecting these various proliferating projects and chains is inevitable. Gavin Wood set up Polkadot to create a pivotal core where different blockchains can interact, which could also help solve Ethereum’s network congestion problem.
Now, let’s get technical to see the main differences between Polkadot and Ethereum.
Sharding: Ethereum 2.0 will have 64 sharding chains by 2022 with the same transition function (STF) while Polkadot uses heterogeneous sharding, or unique STF where each parachain can be customized and optimized for each case, running in parallel rather than the same across all shards.
Upgrades: Ethereum 2.0 follows the regular hard fork process (i.e. old and new versions are not compatible), while Polkadot uses the Wasm (WebAssembly) metaprotocol, the first to implement a chain upgrade without a hard fork.
Governance mechanisms: Ethereum 1.0 relies primarily on off-chain governance, whereas Polkadot network development is a DOT holder decision, with an overall reduced scope relative to the Ethereum governance mechanism.
Consensus mechanism: In order to increase efficiency and save resources, Ethereum 1.0 used the PoW mechanism and is now Ethereum 2.0 moving to PoS, w...