Curiosity Killed the Rat

This month, Kade and Matt are joined once again by Bodhi for a very special episode: The Philosophy of Science. This will be part 1 of 3 in a special series where we delve into some of the more abstract ideas about science itself. What is science? How effective is peer review? What is burden of proof? And much, much, much more. Make sure to check out the reference list below for further resources on anything we discuss during the episode. 

As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]

We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.

References:

Podcasts as a medium for public discourse between rabbit-hole theorists and academics

Rogan, J. [PowerfulJRE]. (2024, July 2). Joe Rogan Experience #2171 – Eric Weinstein & Terrence Howard [video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/nrOaFxNex7U?si=QvqPI3c7IaDH5f_1&t=12724

Dissipation Driven Adaptation

Green, H. [SciShow]. (2020, June 16). How Cells Hack Entropy to Live [Video]. YouTube. How Cells Hack Entropy to Live (youtube.com).

England, J. L. (2013). Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 139(12), 121923 1 – 121923 7. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4818538.

England, J. L. (2020). Every Life is on Fire: How Thermodynamics Explains the Origins of Living Things. Basic Books. Every Life Is on Fire: How Thermodynamics Explains the Origins of Living Things - Jeremy England - Google Books

Cushman, A. S. (2023). Entropy, Ecology and Evolution: Toward a Unified Philosophy of Biology. Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), 25(3), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/e25030405.

King, E., Holzer, J., North, J. A., Cannon, W. R. (2023). An approach to learn regulation to maximize growth and entropy production rates in metabolism. Frontiers in Systems Biology, 3, 1-14. httpds://doi.org/10.3389/fsysb.2023.981866.

Entropy = messy?

Martin, J. S., Smith, N. A., Francis, C. D. (2013). Removing the entropy from the definition of entropy: clarifying the relationship between evolution, entropy, and the second law of thermodynamics. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 6(1), 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1936-6434-6-30.

Leaves superconduct photons during photosynthesis

Engel, G. S., Calhoun, T. R., Read, E. L., Ahn, T., Mančal, T., Cheng, Y., Blankenship, R. E., Fleming, G. R. (2007). Evidence for wavelike energy transfer through quantum coherence in photosynthetic systems. Nature 446, 782-786. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05678

Microtubules display superradiance

PBS Space Time [PBS Space Time]. (2024, July 26). Was Penrose Right? NEW EVIDENCE For Quantum Effects In The Brain [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/xa2Kpkksf3k?si=xAhLJSieFgoR-5lJ&t=740

Hossenfelder, S. [Sabine Hossenfelder]. (2024, May 12). Brain Really Uses Quantum Effects, New Study Finds [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/R6G1D2UQ3gg?si=al7buCxmLEXnp43I&t=200

Babcock, N. S., Montes-Cabrera, G., Oberhofer, K. E., Chergui, M., Celardo, G. L., Kurian, P. (2024). Ultraviolet Superradiance from Mega-Networks of Tryptophan in Biological Architectures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 128(17), 4035-4046. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07936.

Microtubules form an integrated electromagnetic quantum information network

Kuhn, R. L., and Bandyopadhyay, A. [Closer to Truth]. (2023, November 24). Anirban Bandyopadhyay – Quantum Physics of Consciousness [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/HbX7wlMspJM?si=QLVU6eFesAsrjf-b&t=303

Ghosh, S., Singh, P., Manna, J., Saxena, K., Sahoo, P., Krishnanda, S. D., Ray, K., Hill, J. P., and Bandyopadhyay, A. (2022). The century-old picture of a nerve spike is wrong: filaments fire, before membrane. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 15(1), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2022.2071101

Exercise and Caloric Consumption: Negative Health Effects of Excess Energy

Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshet [Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshel]. (2024, July 16). We Need to Rethink Exercise – The Workout Paradox [YouTube]. We Need to Rethink Exercise - The Workout Paradox (YouTube.com)

Pontzer, H., Durazo-Arvizu, R., Dugas, L. R., Plange-Rhule, J., Bovet, P., Forrester, T. E., Lambert, E. V., Cooper, R. S., Schoeller, D., A., Luke, A. (2016). Constrained Total Energy Expenditure and Metabolic Adaptation to Physical Activity in Adult Humans. Current Biology, 26(3), 410-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.046

Pontzer, H., Wood, B. M., Raichlen, D. A. (2018). Hunter-gatherers as models in public health. Obesity Reviews, 19(S1), 24-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12785

Pontzer, H. (2018). Energy Constraint as a Novel Mechanism Linking Exercise and Health. Physiology, 33(6). https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00027.2018

This month Kade & Matt take a break from recording to give listeners a blast from the past with their episode all about crying.

Acetylcholine: the greatest neurotransmitter you've never heard of. This month, Kade and Matt deep dive into what makes this chemical fascinating enough to make Kade spend the last 5 years of their life researching it. What does it do? How was it discovered? What makes it special? Listen to the end of the episode to hear Matt take on the role of asking the listener question, further picking Kade's brain about the many quirks of this neurotransmitter.

As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]

We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.

References:

https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/prp2.907

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322320301311?casa_token=XEtugnkWjPoAAAAA:PEamLvvU-dxk9LrKn1uPs_LCj4T1gHdQpFd0CNZ_LXsaadFRiB1f6s0UBtLoBLKjS2GuRfAdp5ei

https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/bph.15513

https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/bph.16081

This episode on curiosity killed the rat, join Kade, Matt and Riley for a deep dive into the science of Narrative. How are human brains wired to understand the world via narrative, and how is this used both for and against us? We break down the concept of “narrative” into the components of setting, characters, and plot, and chat about some of the research being done in all of these areas. We also have a look at some real-life examples of the ways narrative is being harnessed to influence our beliefs and behaviour, from marketing to propaganda. Kade then answers a listener question about the metal in our blood: can it rust?

As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]

We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.

References:

Book I read: The Science of Storytelling by Will Storr

YouTube video I mention revealing this research is funded by the department of defence:

https://youtu.be/zGrf0LGn6Y4?si=baBvBsstRUV2z30L

Video trying to spin narrative to blame Palestinian for Holocaust:

https://youtu.be/f9HmkRYlVZw?si=qpUScFJhhXFI8lP1

The effect of perceived cost on taste (of wine) studies:

https://oeno-one.eu/article/view/1017

https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.0706929105

Social Influence Research (hotel towel example):

https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/dont-throw-in-the-towel-use-social-influence-research

Social influence neuro:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222561008_Neural_mechanisms_of_social_influence

Anthropomorphism and Dehumanization:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020342/

Dehumanisation neuroimaging:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6696401_Dehumanizing_the_Lowest_of_the_Low_Neuroimaging_Responses_to_Extreme_Out-Groups

Self-perception and behaviour:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6453731_The_spyglass_self_A_model_of_vicarious_self-perception

Narrative transportation:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287364520_Effects_of_narrative_transportation_on_persuasion_A_meta-analysis

Framing and support for addiction policies:

https://www.frameworksinstitute.org/publication/can-redirecting-values-increase-support-for-addiction-policies-and-related-issues/

“War of the ghosts” story:

https://online-learning-college.com/knowledge-hub/gcses/gcse-psychology-help/bartletts-war-of-the-ghosts/

Paper on neuromarketing / consumer neuroscience:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2377-13-13

Emotion and decision making:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24905597/

Coke and pepsi study:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15473974/

Relating to Media Bias:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2023.128219

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17506352231178148

https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858380

https://fair.org/home/the-illusion-of-balance/?fbclid=IwAR02QPzY5_l3cg7NwKcZTKyr4ISHxt1PrWJiiWoumHT1nqlb1nAFlcU88rc

Propaganda rebranded as “Public Relations”:

https://theconversation.com/the-manipulation-of-the-american-mind-edward-bernays-and-the-birth-of-public-relations-44393

Welcome to season 5 of Curiosity Killed the Rat! To kick off the year, Kade and Matt welcome special guest Dr Jarrod McKenna onto the show once again to talk about his recent amazing experience visiting Antarctica: a place so cool it deserved another whole episode. What's it like to visit one of the most isolated places in the world as a tourist? How is climate change affecting this beautiful continent? What can we do as regular people to help? Stick around to the end of the episode to hear all this, and the listener question: alcohol and the menstrual cycle. How does one affect the other?

As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]. We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.

Jarrod's website:

https://drjarrodmckenna.com/

Citizen science links:

https://citizenscience.org.au/

https://seadragonsearch.org/

https://happywhale.com/home

https://happywhale.com/whaleid

In one final episode for 2023 / season 4 of Curiosity Killed the Rat, Kade and Matt bring you an extended special reflecting on one of the biggest Australian milestones of 2023: the re-classification and approval of MDMA and Psilocybin to assist therapy. Kade leads us through the science accompanying the historical journey of these drugs; from their discovery and synthesis, through their recreational use (both legal and illegal), to their status today as promising therapeutic compounds. Stick around for a listener question of great seriousness and importance: If a tree in the forest falls and no one is there to hear it, does it make a sound? As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected] We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.

References:

Kade’s Article The Therapeutic Odyssey of Psilocybin and MDMA: A Return to Roots https://rsv.org.au/psilocybin-and-mdma/ Seeking the magic mushroom — Originally published in 1957 Life Magazine https://www.trippingly.net/lsd/2018/5/14/seeking-the-magic-mushroom Hofmann, A. (1959). Psychotomimetic drugs. Acta physiologica et pharmacologica Neerlandica, 8, 240-258. Shulgin, A. T. (1964). 3-Methoxy-4 5-methylenedioxy Amphetamine, a New Psychotomimetic Agent. Nature, 201(4924), 1120-1121. Stolaroff, M. J. (1997). The secret chief revealed: Conversations with a pioneer of the underground psychedelic therapy movement. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS). Sessa, B., Higbed, L., & Nutt, D. (2019). A review of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 138. Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Nichols, D. E. (2013). Effects of Schedule I drug laws on neuroscience research and treatment innovation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(8), 577-585. Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011). Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Archives of general psychiatry, 68(1), 71-78. Mithoefer, M. C., Wagner, M. T., Mithoefer, A. T., Jerome, L., & Doblin, R. (2011). The safety and efficacy of±3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of psychopharmacology, 25(4), 439-452. Li, N. X., Hu, Y. R., Chen, W. N., & Zhang, B. (2022). Dose effect of psilocybin on primary and secondary depression: a preliminary systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 296, 26-34. Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., ... & Nutt, D. J. (2021). Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(15), 1402-1411. Bogenschutz, M. P., Ross, S., Bhatt, S., Baron, T., Forcehimes, A. A., Laska, E., ... & Worth, L. (2022). Percentage of heavy drinking days following psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy vs placebo in the treatment of adult patients with alcohol use disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 79(10), 953-962. Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017). Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 43(1), 55-60. Peck, S. K., Shao, S., Gruen, T., Yang, K., Babakanian, A., Trim, J., ... & Kaye, W. H. (2023). Psilocybin therapy for females with anorexia nervosa: a phase 1, open-label feasibility study. Nature Medicine, 29(8), 1947-1953. Danforth, A. L., Grob, C. S., Struble, C., Feduccia, A. A., Walker, N., Jerome, L., ... & Emerson, A. (2018). Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Psychopharmacology, 235(11), 3137-3148. Wolfson, P. E., Andries, J., Feduccia, A. A., Jerome, L., Wang, J. B., Williams, E., ... & Doblin, R. (2020). MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of anxiety and other psychological distress related to life-threatening illnesses: a randomized pilot study. Scientific reports, 10(1), 20442. Mitchell, J. M., Bogenschutz, M., Lilienstein, A., Harrison, C., Kleiman, S., Parker-Guilbert, K., ... & Doblin, R. (2023). MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Focus, 21(3), 315-328. Nicholas, C. R., Wang, J. B., Coker, A., Mitchell, J. M., Klaire, S. S., Yazar-Klosinski, B., ... & Doblin, R. (2022). The effects of MDMA-assisted therapy on alcohol and substance use in a phase 3 trial for treatment of severe PTSD. Drug and alcohol dependence, 233, 109356. Sessa, B., Higbed, L., O’Brien, S., Durant, C., Sakal, C., Titheradge, D., ... & Nutt, D. J. (2021). First study of safety and tolerability of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in patients with alcohol use disorder. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(4), 375-383. Hoshi, R., Bisla, J., & Curran, H. V. (2004). The acute and sub-acute effects of ‘ecstasy’(MDMA) on processing of facial expressions: preliminary findings. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76(3), 297-304. Rootman, J. M., Kiraga, M., Kryskow, P., Harvey, K., Stamets, P., Santos-Brault, E., ... & Walsh, Z. (2022). Psilocybin microdosers demonstrate greater observed improvements in mood and mental health at one month relative to non-microdosing controls. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 11091. Cavanna, F., Muller, S., de la Fuente, L. A., Zamberlan, F., Palmucci, M., Janeckova, L., ... & Tagliazucchi, E. (2022). Microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Translational Psychiatry, 12(1), 307. Passie, Torsten, and Andrew Dennis, 'The Early History of MDMA', The History of MDMA MAPS FDA MDMA application: https://mapsbcorp.com/news/mdma-for-ptsd-fda-submission/ MDMA neurotoxicity: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.301.5639.1479b https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1074501 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.301.5639.1454b https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC194116/

Woke pharmaceuticals: https://wokeph.com/

Tik Tok Video: https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNCVW7gn/

This episode, join Kade and Matt as they spin their way into the world of spider webs – just in time for Halloween! Learn about the absolute wonder that is spider silk: its incredible properties, how it is made, why humans can’t yet mass-produce it, and some of the interesting efforts scientists are trying to change that! Stick around for a listener question all about glow sticks. As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected] We also now have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show. References: https://australian.museum/learn/animals/spiders/silk-the-spiders-success-story/ https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-are-spider-webs-made-of.html https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/spiderwebs-explained https://youtu.be/dMN_wQ6Zyy0?si=n7u43x7NBXnOTL5P https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5000687/ https://www.proquest.com/openview/2606e70bffecfe3e2df4260c10508f78/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750 https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1751-7915.12081 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00018-006-6090-y https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/fulltext/S0167-7799(08)00079-6?large_figure=true&code=cell-site https://youtu.be/xossR6eHv3I?si=4tm4f_wpvw3mBrvw https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/marc.201800516 https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/the-glow-stick-reaction/3010386.article

Link for Kade's video: https://youtu.be/rdOc2HB5sx0?si=-4B_koSDMxPxyNMi

This month on Curiosity Killed the Rat, we are taking a break from our usual content to present the audio from the YouTube video made by host Kade Huckstep this month in response to Channel 7’s blatant spread of disinformation and misrepresentation of science. It breaks down the “documentary” aired about detransitioning, and goes through the scientific evidence that does actually exist. As a show, we value the spread of correct information, and so this is our part in the fight against mis/disinformation.

As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]. We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.

References: (if people want access to any actual papers stuck behind paywalls please do hit us up)

Abreu, Roberto L., et al. "Supporting transgender students: School counselors’ preparedness, training efforts, and necessary support." Journal of LGBT Youth 17.1 (2020): 107-122.

Bailey, Louis, Sonja J. Ellis, and Jay McNeil. "Suicide risk in the UK trans population and the role of gender transition in decreasing suicidal ideation and suicide attempt." Mental Health Review Journal 19.4 (2014): 209-220.

Borges, Maria de Fátima, et al. "Evaluation of central precocious puberty treatment with GnRH analogue at the Triangulo Mineiro Federal University (UFTM)." Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism 59 (2015): 515-522.

Bruce, Lauren, et al. "Long-term regret and satisfaction with decision following gender-affirming mastectomy." JAMA surgery (2023).

Butler, Gary, et al. "Discharge outcome analysis of 1089 transgender young people referred to paediatric endocrine clinics in England 2008–2021." Archives of Disease in Childhood 107.11 (2022): 1018-1022.

Choi, Seungtaek, and Andrew K. Lee. "Efficacy and safety of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists used in the treatment of prostate cancer." Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety (2011): 107-119.

Cheung, Ada S., et al. "Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of transgender adults in Australia." Transgender health 3.1 (2018): 229-238.

Giacomelli, Giulia, and Maria Cristina Meriggiola. "Bone health in transgender people: a narrative review." Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism 13 (2022): 20420188221099346.

Golan, A. "GnRH analogues in the treatment of uterine fibroids." Human reproduction 11.suppl_3 (1996): 33-41.

Hannema, Sabine Elisabeth, et al. "Continuation of gender-affirming hormones in transgender people starting puberty suppression in adolescence: a cohort study in the Netherlands." The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 6.12 (2022): 869-875.

Jedrzejewski, Breanna Y., et al. "Regret after gender-affirming surgery: a multidisciplinary approach to a Multifaceted patient experience." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 152.1 (2023): 206-214.

Jeffery, Eiddwen. “Anti-Trans Group Raises False Alarm on Victorian Policy for Gender Diverse Students.” RMIT University, 4 Nov. 2022, www.rmit.edu.au/news/factlab-meta/anti-trans-group-raises-false-alarm-on-victorian-policy-for-gend.

Jones, Hannah Elizabeth, et al. "Decision Regret in Plastic Surgery: A Summary." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open 11.6 (2023).

Katz-Wise, Sabra L. “Gender Fluidity: What It Means and Why Support Matters.” Harvard Health, 3 Dec. 2020, www.health.harvard.edu/blog/gender-fluidity-what-it-means-and-why-support-matters-2020120321544.

Levine, Laurence A., and Stephen P. Guss. "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in the treatment of sickle cell anemia-associated priapism." The Journal of urology 150.2 (1993): 475-477.

Mahdi, Aamir, et al. "Patients’ experiences of discontentment one year after total knee arthroplasty-a qualitative study." BMC musculoskeletal disorders 21.1 (2020): 1-11.

Mangin, Melinda. "Supporting transgender and gender-expansive children in school." Phi Delta Kappan 100.2 (2018): 16-21.

Martín-Castillo, David, et al. "School victimization in transgender people: A systematic review." Children and Youth Services Review 119 (2020): 105480.

Martino, Wayne, Jenny Kassen, and Kenan Omercajic. "Supporting transgender students in schools: Beyond an individualist approach to trans inclusion in the education system." Educational Review 74.4 (2022): 753-772.

Nolan, Brendan J., et al. "Early Access to Testosterone Therapy in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults Seeking Masculinization: A Randomized Clinical Trial." JAMA Network Open 6.9 (2023): e2331919-e2331919.

Olson, Kristina R., et al. "Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities." Pediatrics 137.3 (2016).

Ramos, G. G. F., et al. "Systematic Review: Puberty suppression with GnRH analogues in adolescents with gender incongruity." Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 44 (2021): 1151-1158.

Russell, Stephen T., et al. "Chosen name use is linked to reduced depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior among transgender youth." Journal of adolescent Health 63.4 (2018): 503-505.

Sares-Jäske, Laura, et al. "Gendered differences in experiences of bullying and mental health among transgender and cisgender youth." Journal of youth and adolescence 52.8 (2023): 1531-1548.

Schmauss, Daniel, Hans-Günther Machens, and Yves Harder. "Breast reconstruction after mastectomy." Frontiers in surgery 2 (2016): 71.

Tankersley, Amelia P., et al. "Risk and resilience factors for mental health among transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) youth: A systematic review." Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 24 (2021): 183-206.

Telfer, Michelle M., et al. "Australian standards of care and treatment guidelines for transgender and gender diverse children and adolescents." Medical Journal of Australia 209.3 (2018): 132-136.

Tordoff, Diana M., et al. "Mental health outcomes in transgender and nonbinary youths receiving gender-affirming care." JAMA Network Open 5.2 (2022): e220978-e220978.

Turban, Jack L., et al. "Pubertal suppression for transgender youth and risk of suicidal ideation." Pediatrics 145.2 (2020).

Valsamakis, Georgios, et al. "GnRH analogues as a co-treatment to therapy in women of reproductive age with cancer and fertility preservation." International journal of molecular sciences 23.4 (2022): 2287.

Victorian Department of Education. “LGBTIQ Student Support: Policy.” Education.Vic.Gov.Au, 5 Dec. 2022, www2.education.vic.gov.au/pal/lgbtiq-student-support/policy.

Waller, Kathleen G., and Robert W. Shaw. "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for the treatment of endometriosis: long-term follow-up." Fertility and sterility 59.3 (1993): 511-515.

Witcomb, Gemma L., et al. "Experiences and psychological wellbeing outcomes associated with bullying in treatment-seeking transgender and gender-diverse youth." LGBT health 6.5 (2019): 216-226.

This month on Curiosity Killed the Rat, Kade and Matt tackle a more serious issue: the science of antidepressants. What is depression? How is it caused? How do antidepressants work, and are they actually effective? Stick around to the end of the episode to hear sound guy Matt answer a listener question about the science of noise cancelling headphones!

As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]. We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.

References:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0

https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/a-response-to-the-serotonin-theory-of-depression-a-systematic-umbrella-review-of-the-evidence

https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-a-review-paper-on-the-serotonin-theory-of-depression/

https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression science.org/content/blog-post/understanding-antidepressants---or-not https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361016/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309382/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2739676/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896866/ https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201080 https://helda.helsinki.fi/items/5f15e844-28d8-41b9-a61c-38b2b3351a95

Listener Question References:

https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/what-noise-cancelling-headphones-do/

https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/why-are-noise-canceling-headphones-less-effective-at-blocking-high-pitched-sounds.html

https://www.soundguys.com/noise-canceling-anc-explained-28344/

https://hearingclinic.co.za/why-can-you-hear-when-your-ears-are-blocked/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531483/

Join Kade and Matt on a wondrous wintery episode where we talk all about snowflakes! How are they formed? What makes them so unique and special? Is everything we think we know about them true? Stick around to end to hear Matt tell some fun facts about native Australian trees!

As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]. We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.

References:

https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/snowflake-science-2023 https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/snowflakes https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/0-387-30720-6_130 https://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm https://chemstuff.co.uk/2012/12/09/snow-chemistry/2j46o7t/ https://www.everydaychemistries.com/blog/snowflakes https://www.britannica.com/video/187062/snowflakes https://oxsci.org/the-science-of-snowflakes/ https://www.buffalo.edu/news/tipsheets/2018/001.html https://sustainable-nano.com/2016/03/04/science-of-snow/ https://youtu.be/FwGH4gulLX4 https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/the-snowflake-man-of-vermont/ http://www.snowcrystals.com/science/science.html https://www.science.org/content/article/scienceshot-true-shape-snowflakes  https://youtu.be/ao2Jfm35XeE