• Defining Ethical Hacking: Ethical hackers use their skills to identify and report vulnerabilities, often to enhance cybersecurity in various capacities, including voluntary work, bug bounty programs, or professional roles.
• Research Focus: Dr. Weulen Kranenbarg’s studies highlight a significant overlap between positive and negative cyber behaviors, particularly among IT students, and explore how individuals transition toward ethical hacking.
• Ethical Hacking as a Pathway:
  • Early positive experiences, such as reporting vulnerabilities to schools or organizations, can strongly influence individuals toward ethical hacking.
  • Responses from organizations play a critical role—positive reinforcement encourages further ethical behavior, while negative experiences can deter individuals.
• Challenges in Defining Ethics:
  • Ethical hackers themselves debate the boundaries of what constitutes ethical behavior, such as whether making vulnerabilities public is acceptable if organizations fail to act.
  • The term "ethical hacker" is often contentious within the community.
• Role of Education: Schools struggle to address and guide ethical behavior among IT students effectively. Clear vulnerability disclosure policies and ethics education in IT programs are crucial.
• Future Research Directions: Dr. Weulen Kranenbarg plans to conduct life-history interviews with hackers to better understand their pathways and influences toward ethical behavior.

Dr Marleen Weulen Kranenbarg

https://research.vu.nl/en/persons/marleen-weulen-kranenbarg

• Weulen Kranenbarg, M. (2018). Cyber-offenders versus traditional offenders: An empirical comparison. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Retrieved from https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/cyber-offenders-versus-traditional-offenders-an-empirical-comparison
• Weulen Kranenbarg, M., Ruiter, S., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2018). Cyber-offending and traditional offending over the life-course: An empirical comparison. Crime & Delinquency, 64(10), 1270–1292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128718763134
• Weulen Kranenbarg, M., Holt, T. J., & van Gelder, J.-L. (2021). Contrasting cyber-dependent and traditional offenders: A comparison on criminological explanations and potential prevention methods. In J. van Gelder, H. Elffers, D. Reynald, & D. Nagin (Eds.), Routledge International Handbook of Criminology and Criminal Justice Studies (pp. 234–249). Routledge. Retrieved from https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/contrasting-cyber-dependent-and-traditional-offenders-a-compariso
• Weulen Kranenbarg, M., & Noordegraaf, J. (2023). Why do young people start and continue with ethical hacking? A qualitative study on individual and social aspects in the lives of ethical hackers. Criminology & Public Policy, 22(3), 465–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12640

Hack the Box - A popular online platform offering a variety of CTF challenges to test and improve cybersecurity skills.

https://www.hackthebox.com

NorthSec - A popular  in-person CTF competition designed for everyone excited about cybersecurity.

https://nsec.io

HackerOne - A leading bug bounty platform connecting ethical hackers with organizations to find and fix vulnerabilities.

https://www.hackerone.com

Bugcrowd - A platform that hosts bug bounty programs for a wide range of companies and industries.

https://www.bugcrowd.com

About Our Guest:

Dr. Tom Holt

https://cj.msu.edu/directory/holt-tom.html

Key Topics Discussed:

• Dr. Tom Holt emphasized the urgent need for consistent and evidence-based cybercrime training in law enforcement, pointing out disparities in how local agencies handle these crimes.
• He highlighted the challenges agencies face in responding to cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent crimes, particularly in rural areas.
• Dr. Holt discussed the development of training modules covering both basic digital evidence handling and specialized topics tailored to agency needs.
• The conversation underscored the importance of bridging resource gaps between rural and urban agencies.
• Dr. Holt explained how police leadership’s support is crucial for improving the adoption and effectiveness of training programs.
• The prevalence of interpersonal cybercrimes like sextortion and fraud, often encountered by local officers, was addressed.
• Dr. Holt elaborated on long-term evaluation plans for these training programs, aiming to measure their impact on officers and agencies.
• He also discussed the potential for a national standard curriculum to bring consistency to cybercrime training across the U.S.

Papers and Resources Mentioned:

1. Articles on the Training Center Initiative:
   • Cybercrime Training at MSU –https://cj.msu.edu/community/cyber-center/cyber-center-home.html
   • Program announcement - https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2024/msu-receives-$1M-to-create-center-for-cyber-security-training

Other:

This episode was recorded on location in at HEC Montreal. The occasional background noise from students only adds to the vibrant atmosphere of the discussion. So you can’t complain about the noise being distracting, consider it an authentic experience!

Episode Summary

• Introduction to Open Science – Asier Moneva introduces open science, emphasizing transparency and replicability as essential to modern research.
• Importance of Transparency – He explains how transparency builds trust, enabling other researchers to assess rigor and replicate findings accurately.
• Preregistration and Registered Reports – Asier discusses these practices, which require researchers to specify methodologies and hypotheses before data collection to reduce bias.
• Challenges in Adoption – He notes that implementing open science practices can be challenging due to academic pressures and resource limitations.
• The “Publish or Perish” Culture – We highlight how the pressure to publish quickly can conflict with the time-intensive requirements of open science.
• Academic Incentives and Misaligned Goals – We critique the academic reward system that often favors quantity over quality, which can detract from scientific rigor.
• Advantages for Public Accessibility – Open science also enhances public accessibility, making research available beyond academia and helping inform public policy.
• Ethical Considerations in Research – Asier emphasizes that open science fosters ethical research practices by reducing questionable practices like p-hacking and selective reporting.
• Benefits of Open Science for Collaboration – The approach encourages collaboration across disciplines and institutions, providing a more comprehensive understanding of complex issues.
• Real-World Example of Retraction – He mentions a case where a research paper was retracted due to lack of transparency, illustrating the importance of open science practices.
• Role of Preprints in Open Science – Asier advocates for preprints as a way to share research and receive feedback before formal publication.
• Challenges with Platform Fragmentation – He observes that the proliferation of research-sharing platforms can hinder accessibility if findings are scattered across multiple sources.
• Future of Registered Reports – Asier sees registered reports as a future standard, as they align research design with ethical and rigorous science.
• Open Science as a Solution to Publication Bias – Open science practices help address publication bias by promoting the dissemination of all research findings, regardless of outcomes.
• Closing Thoughts on Transparency – Open science is about ensuring reproducibility and holding science accountable, aiming to make research as transparent and accessible as possible.

About Our Guest:

Asier Moneva

https://asiermoneva.com

https://nscr.nl/en/medewerker/asier-moneva/

https://www.thuas.com/research/research-groups/team-cybercrime-cybersecurity

https://github.com/amoneva

https://osf.io/7ce24/

Resources and References Mentioned in This Episode:

The Open Science Framework (OSF)

The OSF is an open-source platform supporting transparent and reproducible research across disciplines.

The Open Science Framework:

https://osf.io/

Paper Introducing Registered Reports

This foundational paper outlines the concept of registered reports, a publishing model aimed at reducing bias and enhancing research rigor.

Paper introducing "registered reports":

https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2014-20922-001.html

Retraction Case Study

A recent retraction of a notable article on the replicability of social-behavioral research findings offers insights into challenges within open science practices.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: High replicability of newly discovered social-behavioural findings is achievable:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01749-9

Retraction Note: High replicability of newly discovered social-behavioural findings is achievable:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01997-3

Podcast episode discussing the retraction in depth:

https://open.spotify.com/episode/3rygrbUNocfCEEGd1Byn0V?si=vJDuzQT3S7yJqDEUMycF1w&t=178

Other:

This episode was recorded in a hotel lobby corner with music playing in the background. If the audio sounds a little unusual at times it is because of the noise removal being used to remove that noise being combined with other ‘sound enhancement’ features. I had to go back in and play around with the audio directly before I was even a little happy.  The tools work well but they are a little unpredictable.  I am increasingly wary of ‘it just works’ audio editing tools. I would have left it in, but the bots chasing copyright infringement are ravenous and indiscriminate. 

Episode Notes:

• The research focuses on analyzing the representation of passwords and cyber threats in films, particularly how password guessing and hacking scenes influence public perceptions of security.
• Movies both reflect societal attitudes towards cybersecurity and shape them, as many viewers learn about cyber behaviors through entertainment rather than formal education.
• The research indicates that films often oversimplify or dramatize hacking scenes, leading to unrealistic expectations about password security.
• A key finding from the research is that while weak passwords (e.g., “12345”) are mocked in films, even strong passwords are often guessed or hacked with ease, sending the wrong message to audiences about the value of strong security practices.
• There may be value to educating the public about cybersecurity in the same way people are taught first aid in Germany—everyone should know the basics.
• One of the challenges of using crowd-sourced subtitle data for academic research was that it required additional work to assure reviewers that the research is ethical.

About our Guest:

Maike Raphael

https://www.itsec.uni-hannover.de/en/usec/team/raphael

Papers or resources mentioned in this episode:

Raphael, M. M., Kanta, A., Seebonn, R., Dürmuth, M., & Cobb, C. (2024). Batman hacked my password: A subtitle-based analysis of password depiction in movies. In Proceedings of the Twentieth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (pp. 199-211). USENIX Association. https://www.usenix.org/conference/soups2024/presentation/raphael

Other relevant resources:

Information and supplementary materials on the paper "Batman Hacked My Password"

https://www.itsec.uni-hannover.de/de/usec/forschung/medien/password-depiction-in-movies

If you are interested in the right to download the subtitles.  

The data source (opensubtitles.org) statement regarding copyright.

https://www.opensubtitles.org/en/dmca

The website has an API with the no limit to the total number of subitles that can be downloaded, only rate limiting. The research team didn't obtain the subtitles this way, but the source they got them from may have.  In either case it shows opensubtitles.org views about how their service can be used.  

https://opensubtitles.stoplight.io/docs/opensubtitles-api/e3750fd63a100-getting-started

Other:

I had a bunch of movie clips that I was going to include as examples, but with the way that platforms handle DMCA I just don't want to have to bother with trying to assert a claim to fair use.  If you are interested I would recommend having a look at the password scene from Horse Feathers (1932) with Groucho Marx, and there is a scene in Iron Man 3 (2013) where Tony Stark asks James Rhodes for his password, and everyone laughs at the bad password.  I recommend you watch Kung Fury from 2015 for their parody treatment of the "hackerman". It is actually on YouTube https://youtu.be/bS5P_LAqiVg?si=-OL8Mr1OLY9Dd081 

About our Guest:

Judith Donath

https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/jdonath

Key Discussion Points:

• Understanding Signaling Theory:
  • The foundation of signaling theory in communication.
  • The balance between honest and deceptive signals.
• Evolutionary Biology and Communication:
  • Darwin's insights on animal communication.
  • Zahavi's Handicap Principle and its role in ensuring signal honesty.
  • Maynard Smith's Index Signals and their reliability without cost.
• AI and the Evolution of Communication:
  • The impact of AI on the reliability of communication signals.
  • Challenges posed by deepfakes in video and audio.
  • The arms race between deception technologies and verification methods.
• Cultural and Institutional Roles:
  • How culture and institutions uphold the reliability of signals.
  • The interplay between technological advancements and societal norms.
• Future of Communication in the Digital Age:
  • Strategies for developing secure communication channels.
  • Balancing privacy with the need for verification.
  • The role of trusted sources in maintaining signal integrity.

Papers and Books Mentioned:

Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433-460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433

Zahavi, A. (1975). Mate selection—a selection for a handicap. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 53(1), 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(75)90111-3

Veblen, T. (1899). The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Macmillan.

https://moglen.law.columbia.edu/LCS/theoryleisureclass.pdf

https://dn720401.ca.archive.org/0/items/theoryofleisurec01vebl/theoryofleisurec01vebl.pdf

Weizenbaum, J. (1966). ELIZA—A computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. Communications of the ACM, 9(1), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168

Donath, J. S. (2002). Identity and deception in the virtual community. In Communities in cyberspace (pp. 37-68). Routledge.

https://vivatropolis.com/papers/Donath/IdentityDeception/IdentityDeception.pdf

Current Progress on the forthcoming book: Signals, Truth & Design

https://vivatropolis.com/judith/signalsTruthDesign.html

Donath, J. (2014). The social machine: designs for living online. MIT Press.https://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/4037/The-Social-MachineDesigns-for-Living-Online

Other:

The Story about the Ferrari executive Deepfake attempt

https://www.carscoops.com/2024/07/ferrari-ceo-impersonator-uncovered-by-colleague-in-deepfake-call/

We geeked out for a moment on Programming languages. Learn about them here.

The C language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)

Introduction to C

https://www.w3schools.com/c/c_intro.php

APL Language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programming_language)

Learn APL

https://xpqz.github.io/learnapl/intro.html

Try APL

https://tryapl.org

LISP Language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)

Learn LISP

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-lisp/

Notes:

• Background in Sociology: Dr. Miranda Bruce started in sociology, focusing on the dynamics of power and institutions.
• PhD Research: Her PhD explored the Internet of Things (IoT) using post-structuralist French theory to understand technological reality.
• Transition to Cybercrime: Transitioned from IoT research to a project on the geography of cybercrime, partnering with a local Australian university and the University of Oxford.
• Cybercrime as a Local Phenomenon: Emphasized that cybercrime is not just a global issue but has significant local dimensions.
• Mapping Cybercrime: Developed methods to map cybercrime hotspots to understand where cybercrime is coming from and why.
• Importance of Local Factors: Identified that local factors play a crucial role in the proliferation of cybercrime in specific areas.
• Intervention Strategies: Stressed that intervention strategies must be tailored to local conditions as one-size-fits-all approaches are ineffective.
• Challenges in Measuring Cybercrime: Discussed the difficulties in accurately measuring where cybercrime originates due to technical limitations.
• Survey of Experts: Utilized expert surveys from cybercrime intelligence and investigations to gather data on cybercrime hotspots.
• Bias in Data Collection: Addressed potential biases in the data collection process and took steps to ensure diverse and reliable sources.
• Use of Proxy Data: Chose expert survey data over technical measures or legal cases to get more accurate insights into cybercrime geography.
• Findings: Key findings indicated that countries like Russia, Ukraine, China, the United States, and Nigeria are significant sources of cybercrime.
• Analysis of Results: Plans to analyze the collected data to create theoretical models explaining why cybercrime is prevalent in certain areas.
• Future Research Directions: Aims to develop detailed case studies and collaborate with policymakers to use the data for effective interventions.
• Open Data: Highlighted the importance of making the data open source to enable further research and collaboration across disciplines.

About our guests:

Dr Miranda Bruce:

https://www.sociology.ox.ac.uk/people/miranda-bruce

https://www.unsw.edu.au/staff/miranda-bruce

Papers or resources mentioned in this episode:

• Bruce, M., Lusthaus, J., Kashyap, R., Phair, N., & Varese, F. (2024). Mapping the global geography of cybercrime with the World Cybercrime Index. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249850
• Bruce, M., & Phair, N. (2020). Mapping the geography of cybercrime: A review of indices of digital offending by country. IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy. https://doi.org/10.1109/EuroSPW51379.2020.00013

Other:

If you were interested in the topic of this episode, you might also enjoy episode 36 "Cyber criminals are people too". 

Notes:

• Dual Research Focus: Dr. Huey historically focused on policing and victimization, particularly in marginalized communities.
• Burnout and Shift: Burnout from trauma research led her to shift focus to applied policing research around 2012-2013.
• Economics of Policing: The federal government's focus on the costs of policing and the "economics of policing" initiative influenced her new research direction.
• Research Gaps: Realized that existing policing research in Canada had little practical value for informing policing practice and policy.
• Evidence-Based Policing: Joined the Society for Evidence-Based Policing (SEBP) in the UK to produce actionable research for police and policymakers.
• Right-Wing Extremism: Discussed the rise of right-wing extremism and its new tactic of targeting police officers, including cop baiting.
• Cop Baiting Incidents: Examples include interventions by Romana Didulo at the Peterborough Police Service and incidents in Vancouver during trans rights celebrations.
• Operational Stress: Emphasized the operational stress injuries faced by police officers due to regular exposure to horrific incidents.
• Public Misconceptions: Highlighted the issue of public and media criticism of police without a full understanding of the complexities involved.
• Misinformation: Explained how misinformation and disinformation spread about police actions, leading to doxxing and harassment of officers.
• Cyber Sleuths: Described incidents where online activists exposed personal information about police officers, increasing the risks they face.
• Convoy Protests: Referenced research on convoy protests and the targeting of police, emphasizing the reality versus media portrayal.
• False Narratives: Pointed out the persistence of false narratives, such as those surrounding the death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet, which continue to spread online despite being disproven.
• Call for Applied Research: Called for more applied research to address specific issues in policing and cyber-security rather than broad theoretical studies, stressing the need for better public education to combat misinformation.

About our guests:

Dr. Laura Huey

https://sociology.uwo.ca/people/profiles/Huey.html

Papers or resources mentioned in this episode:

Huey, L., & Ferguson, L. (2024). ‘No one wants to end up on YouTube’: sousveillance and ‘cop-baiting’ in Canadian policing. Policing and Society, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2024.2329239

Huey, L., & Ferguson, L. (2024). “All These Crazies”: Right-Wing Anti-Authoritarian Politics and the Targeting of Public Police. Deviant Behavior, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2024.2338890

Huey, L. (2024) The Cascade Effect: An Oral History of the Policing of the Convoy Protests, Independant: 979-8882979859

Other:

Dr Huey provided her own ‘bleep’ noises for this episode to save me the work of having to add them in post production.

Notes:

• Joakim Kävrestad is an Assistant Professor of Computer Science at Jönköping University, with a background in networking and cybersecurity.
• He shifted his focus to the societal and psychological aspects of cybersecurity, emphasizing human behavior.
• Joakim developed Context-Based Micro-Training (CBMT) to provide cybersecurity training at relevant moments, improving user engagement and retention.
• CBMT integrates training into real-world scenarios, such as reading emails or creating passwords, to address common cyberattack methods.
• Traditional cybersecurity training methods are critiqued for their lack of effectiveness in retaining user attention and knowledge.
• Joakim used a design science approach to refine CBMT, involving over 1800 survey participants and 300 experiment participants in the process.
• Evaluations show that CBMT supports secure user behavior and is well-received by users.
• The importance of usability in security practices is emphasized, highlighting that user-friendly training increases adoption and compliance.
• CBMT provides a guide for practitioners on implementing effective cybersecurity training and supports procurement decisions.
• Future research should explore the interplay between training and other support mechanisms, as training alone is insufficient to ensure comprehensive cybersecurity.

About our guests:

Joakim Kävrestad

https://ju.se/personinfo.html?sign=KAVJOA

https://www.linkedin.com/in/joakimkavrestad/

Papers or resources mentioned in this episode:

1. Kävrestad, J., Hagberg, A., Nohlberg, M., Rambusch, J., Roos, R., & Furnell, S. (2022). Evaluation of Contextual and Game-Based Training for Phishing Detection. Future Internet, 14(4), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14040104
2. Kävrestad, J. (2022). Context-Based Micro-Training: Enhancing Cybersecurity Training for End-Users (Doctoral dissertation). University of Skövde. ISBN 978-91-984919-9-9. Link to dissertation
3. Kävrestad, J., & Nohlberg, M. (2020). Context-Based Micro-Training: A Framework for Information Security Training. 14th International Symposium on Human Aspects of Information Security and Assurance (HAISA), Mytilene, Lesbos, Greece, 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57404-8_6

Other:

The button that makes a noise at a street crossing is called a “pedestrian call button” Interestingly they work differently in different countries, They look different, they feel different, they make different noises, some of them have haptic indicators, some call for the lights to change, some don’t, some make sound all the time others just provide more accessible indicators when pressed.

 Notes:

• Introduction to Cybercrime Research: Dr. Hutchings and Ahn Vu introduce their work at the Cambridge Cybercrime Centre.
• Global Conflicts and Cyber Activities: Discussion on how global conflicts, such as those in Ukraine and Israel-Gaza, spur cybercrime activities like website defacements and DDoS attacks.
• Cyber Tactics During Warfare: Insights into how cyber tactics are employed quickly after conflicts start, with a focus on how these activities serve both political propaganda and cybercriminal interests.
• Deplatforming Hate Groups: In-depth analysis of the challenges faced when deplatforming hate groups, specifically referencing the Kiwi Farms case.
• Temporary Effects of Cyber Attacks: Observations on the short-lived nature of heightened cyber activities post-conflict, with a decline in interest and activities after initial spikes.
• Challenges of Cybercrime Research: Discussion on the difficulties in tracking and attributing cyber attacks, particularly those by decentralized and loosely organized groups.
• Unintended Consequences of Deplatforming: Exploration of how attempts to silence harmful online communities can lead to increased attention and unintended reinforcement of these groups.
• Closing Thoughts: Dr. Hutchings and Ahn Vu summarize the ongoing challenges and the evolving landscape of cybercrime in the context of international security and online governance.

About our guests:

Dr. Alice Hutchings:

https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~ah793/

Anh V. Vu

https://www.cst.cam.ac.uk/people/vv301

Papers or resources mentioned in this episode:

Anh V. Vu, Alice Hutchings, Ross Anderson. No Easy Way Out: the Effectiveness of Deplatforming an Extremist Forum to Suppress Hate and Harassment. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P'24)

Anh V. Vu, Daniel R. Thomas, Ben Collier, Alice Hutchings, Richard Clayton, Ross Anderson. Getting Bored of Cyberwar: Exploring the Role of Low-level Cybercrime Actors in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict. In Proceedings of the ACM World Wide Web Conference (WWW'24)

Other:

• No AI's were harmed during the creation of this episode, however they were definitely involved in the work of editing and drafting copy.
• If you want to hear more from Dr. Hutchings, you can find her way back on episode 4 .... 101 episodes ago ....
• Apologies if the end of the episode seemed a little loud.

Episode Notes:

• Dr. Tom Holt discussed the nascent stages of cybercrime research during his doctoral studies, highlighting its evolution into a more recognized and competitive field.
• He emphasized the growth of cybercrime studies and the challenges of carving a niche within an expanding academic and professional landscape.
• Dr. Holt pointed out the potential of interdisciplinary collaboration between social sciences and computer science as crucial for advancing cybercrime research.
• The importance of online subcultures and ideological spaces in cybercrime dynamics was discussed, noting their influence on criminal activities and group formations.
• He delved into the realm of ideologically motivated cyber attacks, underscoring the need for better legal and enforcement frameworks to address such threats.
• Dr. Holt provided examples of cyber attacks by extremist groups, showing a strategic shift towards cyber tactics for ideological, not financial, reasons.
• The conversation highlighted the critical role of comprehensive data in understanding the scope and nature of cyberterrorism and ideological cyber attacks.
• Reflecting on his career, Dr. Holt offered insights on the importance of continuous learning and interdisciplinary collaboration for researchers in the cybercrime field.

About our guests:

Dr. Tom Holt

https://cj.msu.edu/directory/holt-thomas.html

https://www.linkedin.com/in/tom-holt-3242a322/

Papers or resources mentioned in this episode:

Cassandra Cross & Thomas J. Holt (2023) More than Money: Examining the Potential Exposure of Romance Fraud Victims to Identity Crime, Global Crime, 24:2, 107-121, DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2185607

Holt, T. J., Turner, N. D., Freilich, J. D., & Chermak, S. M. (2022). Examining the Characteristics That Differentiate Jihadi-Associated Cyberattacks Using Routine Activities Theory. Social Science Computer Review, 40(6), 1614-1630. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393211023324

Thomas J. Holt, Jin Ree Lee, Joshua D. Freilich, Steven M. Chermak, Johannes M. Bauer, Ruth Shillair& Arun Ross (2022) An Exploratory Analysis of the Characteristics of Ideologically Motivated Cyberattacks, Terrorism and Political Violence, 34:7, 1305-1320, DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2020.1777987

Thomas J. Holt, Joshua D. Freilich & Steven M. Chermak (2022) Examining the Online Expression of Ideology among Far-Right Extremist Forum Users, Terrorism and Political Violence, 34:2, 364-384,DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2019.1701446

Other:

Wait for wisdom, Learn to listen, Succession is Success.