There were those in the Soviet Union and outside who greatly admired the Soviet commitment to science and technology. There were others who thought that the Soviet system inhibited scientific progress and technological innovation. And there were critics who regarded Soviet communism as a product of science and modernity, the perverse extreme of the belief that the world can be understood as a system and directed to the benefit of humanity. What does the Soviet experience tell us about science and technology? And what do science and technology tell us about the Soviet Union?