DesignSafe Radio

On this episode of Designsafe Radio, we speak with Arash Khosravifar, an assistant professor in the civil and environmental engineering department at Portland State University. Khosravifar explains his research on soil liquefaction, his experience researching with the NHERI mobile shaker trucks and the team from the University of Texas, Austin, and the new research he has been participating in called Microbially Induced Desaturation (MID). MID is specifically important research for the cities located in the Cascadia Subduction Zone and the “critical infrastructure energy hub” located in Portland, Oregon.

Check out the following links for more information on the topics discussed on this podcast episode:

Khosravifar’s NSF Grant Award 1935670: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1935670&HistoricalAwards=false

Soil Liquefaction Prevention Technique Turns in Promising Performance (published 7/24/2020) : https://intheloop.engineering.asu.edu/2020/07/24/soil-liquefaction-prevention-technique-turns-in-promising-performance/

Possible affected regions of Cascadia Subduction Zone: https://www.pnsn.org/blog/2020/01/27/getting-ready-for-the-next-great-cascadia-subduction-zone-earthquake

Collaborative Research Boosts Resilience in Cascadia Subduction Zone link: https://www.designsafe-ci.org/community/news/2020/june/collaborative-research-boasts-resilience-cascadia-subduction-zon/

Designsafe Quarterly Newspaper Summer 2020: https://www.designsafe-ci.org/media/filer_public/bb/bb/bbbb4eb6-f7cc-4a54-9d37-9a69dde5e2d9/nheri_quarterly_issue_11_-_june_2020_v2.pdf

Articles including Khosravifar's research: 1. https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=sfZGJNAAAAAJ&hl=tr 2. https://works.bepress.com/arash-khosravifar/ 3. https://utexas.designsafe-ci.org/projects/

Cascadia Subduction Zone and cities/states it could affect: https://www.pnsn.org/blog/2020/01/27/getting-ready-for-the-next-great-cascadia-subduction-zone-earthquake

The Centrifuge at University of California, Davis: https://cgm.engr.ucdavis.edu/facility/9-m-centrifuge/

On this episode of Designsafe Radio, we speak with Arash Khosravifar, an assistant professor in the civil and environmental engineering department at Portland State University. Khosravifar explains his research on soil liquefaction, his experience researching with the NHERI mobile shaker trucks and the team from the University of Texas, Austin, and the new research he has been participating in called Microbially Induced Desaturation (MID). MID is specifically important research for the cities located in the Cascadia Subduction Zone and the “critical infrastructure energy hub” located in Portland, Oregon.

Check out the following links for more information on the topics discussed on this podcast episode:

Khosravifar’s NSF Grant Award 1935670: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1935670&HistoricalAwards=false

Soil Liquefaction Prevention Technique Turns in Promising Performance (published 7/24/2020) : https://intheloop.engineering.asu.edu/2020/07/24/soil-liquefaction-prevention-technique-turns-in-promising-performance/

Possible affected regions of Cascadia Subduction Zone: https://www.pnsn.org/blog/2020/01/27/getting-ready-for-the-next-great-cascadia-subduction-zone-earthquake

Collaborative Research Boosts Resilience in Cascadia Subduction Zone link: https://www.designsafe-ci.org/community/news/2020/june/collaborative-research-boasts-resilience-cascadia-subduction-zon/

Designsafe Quarterly Newspaper Summer 2020: https://www.designsafe-ci.org/media/filer_public/bb/bb/bbbb4eb6-f7cc-4a54-9d37-9a69dde5e2d9/nheri_quarterly_issue_11_-_june_2020_v2.pdf

Articles including Khosravifar's research: 1. https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=sfZGJNAAAAAJ&hl=tr 2. https://works.bepress.com/arash-khosravifar/ 3. https://utexas.designsafe-ci.org/projects/

Cascadia Subduction Zone and cities/states it could affect: https://www.pnsn.org/blog/2020/01/27/getting-ready-for-the-next-great-cascadia-subduction-zone-earthquake

The Centrifuge at University of California, Davis: https://cgm.engr.ucdavis.edu/facility/9-m-centrifuge/

On this episode of Designsafe Radio, we speak with Arash Khosravifar, an assistant professor in the civil and environmental engineering department at Portland State University. Khosravifar explains his research on soil liquefaction, his experience researching with the NHERI mobile shaker trucks and the team from the University of Texas, Austin, and the new research he has been participating in called Microbially Induced Desaturation (MID). MID is specifically important research for the cities located in the Cascadia Subduction Zone and the “critical infrastructure energy hub” located in Portland, Oregon.

Check out the following links for more information on the topics discussed on this podcast episode:

Khosravifar’s NSF Grant Award 1935670: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1935670&HistoricalAwards=false

Soil Liquefaction Prevention Technique Turns in Promising Performance (published 7/24/2020) : https://intheloop.engineering.asu.edu/2020/07/24/soil-liquefaction-prevention-technique-turns-in-promising-performance/

Possible affected regions of Cascadia Subduction Zone: https://www.pnsn.org/blog/2020/01/27/getting-ready-for-the-next-great-cascadia-subduction-zone-earthquake

Collaborative Research Boosts Resilience in Cascadia Subduction Zone link: https://www.designsafe-ci.org/community/news/2020/june/collaborative-research-boasts-resilience-cascadia-subduction-zon/

Designsafe Quarterly Newspaper Summer 2020: https://www.designsafe-ci.org/media/filer_public/bb/bb/bbbb4eb6-f7cc-4a54-9d37-9a69dde5e2d9/nheri_quarterly_issue_11_-_june_2020_v2.pdf

Articles including Khosravifar's research: 1. https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=sfZGJNAAAAAJ&hl=tr 2. https://works.bepress.com/arash-khosravifar/ 3. https://utexas.designsafe-ci.org/projects/

Cascadia Subduction Zone and cities/states it could affect: https://www.pnsn.org/blog/2020/01/27/getting-ready-for-the-next-great-cascadia-subduction-zone-earthquake

The Centrifuge at University of California, Davis: https://cgm.engr.ucdavis.edu/facility/9-m-centrifuge

Today, Tracy Kijewski-Correa from the University of Notre Dame talks to us about her work in the Structural Extreme Events Reconnaissance (STEER) Network and the response to Hurricane Dorian! You can find all the published data reports from the teams here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16dXnDoQXTMllv0ospJFqTD-Rr4gzDzWgqUjUvNIO8fQ/edit

Peek was born and raised in Kansas, where she completed her undergraduate work in sociology at Ottawa University. She earned her master’s in education at Colorado State University then her PhD in sociology at the University of Colorado Boulder.

Peek discusses growing up in a tornado-prone state. She has vivid memories of the storm cellar during tornado watches, and her grandparents’ barn and home being damaged by a tornado. But she did not consider a career in the field of natural disasters until she became a graduate assistant at the Natural Hazards Center at UCB, which, she says, launched her career as a disaster researcher. As a sociologist, she sought to study inequality in society, but as a grad student she also became intellectually fascinated with the interdisciplinary nature of the field. And she deeply appreciates the care that practitioners and policy makers bring to research. Today, she directs the Natural Hazards Center, which was founded over 40 years ago.

Peek explains that the center is one of the nation’s oldest social science and multidisciplinary research centers. It was founded by Gilbert White to assess and to reduce losses from natural hazards by bringing together researchers, practitioners and policy makers. She says the center’s goal is to make a more just and equitable world where humans can live in harmony with nature. It is vital to translate knowledge to communities, she says.

The center’s Quick Response Research Program, funded by NSF, provides small grants to researchers to collect perishable data after a disaster. The researchers then write papers and new grants which can lead to breakthroughs. Peek cites an example of a graduate student who looks at the use of prisoners for labor in disaster-response situations.

In order to bring researchers together, the center holds an annual workshop in July. Also, working with partner organizations, the center provides a publication called Disaster Research as well as one called Research Counts, 700-750 word stories with key insights. Peek says the idea is to get knowledge out to communities who may not have time or resources to read scholarly research. She says the idea is to democratize knowledge, to get it into the hands of people on the ground.

The CONVERGE center honors the growing body of knowledge in convergence science. One of NSF’s 10 big ideas, convergence is about diverse scientific fields joining to solve key problems – such as mitigating damage from natural hazards.

Peek says that although the language of convergence may be new, the approach is not. She hopes that the CONVERGE facility will systematize multidisciplinary research and provide a structure for social science researchers to work with the engineers in the facilities under the NHERI umbrella.

Peek helped develop the NHERI science plan, where she helped bridge the divide between social and engineering sciences. She sees many interconnections and possibilities for research.

She discusses “team science,” which necessitates developing a process for researchers with different perspectives and skills to talk to one another. Researchers need to learn to co-define problems, she says, and develop a shared language.

Peek says CONVERGE had 5 major tasks in the works. One is partnering with NHERI’s DesignSafe team to develop and build social science and interdisciplinary data models. Like the engineers using DesignSafe, social scientists will be able to publish and share their data, protocols and instruments.

The CONVERGE team also is working with the NHERI RAPID facility at the University of Washington to develop a social science component of the “RAPID App.” Peek says this will allow for social scientists and multidisciplinary teams to use the App for reconnaissance and recovery research. She is excited, for instance, to discover what social scientists can learn from using drones.

She hopes that the work will lead to the creation of a new science plan that will encourage researchers to ask new kinds of questions.

What if the Cascadia fault were to rupture tomorrow? Peek explains that CONVERGE will create a rapid response “leadership corps.” Leaders of NHERI and the -EER groups (extreme events reconnaissance) will work together to develop guidance for the post disaster space, she says. The leadership corps will support Social Science Extreme Events Research (SSEER) and Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Extreme Events Research (ISEEER) networks in their

 efforts to map and coordinate social science and multidisciplinary research teams.

The CONVERGE facility will also fund reconnaissance teams in social science and interdisciplinary teams.

With CONVERGE, Peek hopes to address the sense of urgency, she says, that increases with each natural disaster that befalls the nation. Peek is determined to generate forward movement in natural hazards disaster mitigation.

One important aspect of that is to bring new researchers into the field. As a professor, she says she’s encouraged to see more and more students with diverse social and educational backgrounds interested in pursuing natural hazards research. We are going to need them in the future, she says.

Natural Hazards Center

hazards.colorado.edu

CONVERGE

converge.colorado.edu (soon to be online)

Frank Lombardo

Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering

Wind Engineering Research Laboratory

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

On the cusp of Hurricane Florence, host Dan Zehner was lucky enough to meet up with wind engineer Frank Lombardo. Based at the University of Illinois, Lombardo studies extreme wind events and and their effects on structures.

Lombardo says he has always been interested in weather. As a college student, he briefly considered atmospheric science, but went into civil engineering. When looking at graduate programs, the multidisciplinary PhD program in wind science and engineering at Texas Tech appealed to him. He completed his PhD there in 2009 and was hired on faculty as a hazards engineer at U of I.

He describes his focus: wind engineering and extreme events: thunderstorms, tornados and hurricanes. He says the scientific community doesn’t know a lot about how thunder storms and tornados and affect buildings. Considered annually, the majority of wind-related losses in the U.S. tend to be from tornados and thunderstorms.

Currently, building codes don’t consider how thunderstorm and tornado loads affect structures, he says. He is part of an ASCE working group collects data on storms so engineers can mitigate for them in the future.

Lombardo and Zehner discuss the differences between hurricanes and other wind storms. Hurricanes are easier to sample, he says. You have advance notice and the winds are large scales. Thunderstorm and tornado winds are smaller scale, and so harder to capture. Part of his work is developing new instruments to capture tornadic and thunderstorm winds. Wind engineers need sturdy, accurate instrumentation, he says, which means they collaborate frequently with Industrial and electrical engineers.

Solutions are inherently multidisciplinary, Lombardo says.

He discusses his newly created measurement tool, a “wind loading cube,” which is a four-foot cube. Lombardo and his team are testing out the novel device in Hurricane Florence.

He discusses the way he designs projects: get full scale data, try to replicate it in wind tunnels – which will, with luck, lead to strategies for damage mitigation.

The cube is heavy and anchored to the ground. It will measure wind loads on the cube. During the upcoming storm Florence, he plans to deploy in the Wilmington, NC, with University of Florida wind engineer Forrest Masters, who will be here with his wind measurement towers.

Lombardo’s research mission to Wilmington is part of the Structural Extreme Events Reconnaissance, or StEER, network, which (among other things) coordinates official event responses. Deploying during a storm to collect perishable data is an integrated effort, Lombardo says.  He discusses the importance of post storm surveys.

Overall in his research, he hopes to determine factors responsible for damage to structures. Many variables come into play, he says. Not just wind, but there is terrain, structural aerodynamics, and the structure itself. Has it been “hardened” for a storm? All the factors combine to determine factors that cause damage.

He discusses new ways for determining tornado and thunderstorm wind strength. After storms, intensity is determined by damage, not wind speed. Lombardo is examining things like tree fall patterns and vortex patterns to estimate speed of winds.

As part of the ASCE committee on wind storms, he knows that the ASCE’s 2022 building codes will include tornado design. His committee hopes to build wind speeds into code – although other factors are key, such as atmospheric pressure, rotation load, upward winds and debris. 

Practical measures are important, Lombardo says. He says one way to protect your home from severe winds is to reinforce your garage doors. For roofs, you could even use hurricane straps. In his lab, he’s exploring devices for protecting home roofs, which are vulnerable in wind storms.

Lastly, Lombardo and Zehner discuss predictions for Hurricane Florence wind and storm surge. Follow Lombardo and his research team on Twitter: @windlaboratory.

As this storm approaches, we talk with Laura Block from Team Rubicon about how the organization is mobilizing and planning for a Harvey storm level response if it is needed.

Support Team Rubicon as the storm approaches!

teamrubiconusa.org/give

On today’s episode, host Dan Zehner visits Steve Schein, chief instrumentation engineer at the University of Florida’s Powell Family Structures and Material Laboratory.

From an early age, Steve Schein has been involved in science, coming from a family of engineers and scientists. He earned his degree in electrical and electronic engineering at UF and now enjoys building wind-generating machines for research projects at the Powell Lab.

A self-described instrumentation and measurement nut, Schein discusses a new wind machine project underway. It is a wall of fans: 319 prop-driven fans, each about 8 inches in diameter, and each driven by a 1 horsepower RC motor. Each fan will be able to individually generate any kind of wind field, such as gusts and turbulence, up to 40 miles per hour.

Briefly, Schein discusses another project underway at the UF, a scale model of Puerto Rico. The research team is it using to measure the effects of terrain on wind speed — in hopes of understanding damage caused by Hurricane Maria last year.

Schein describes another wind machine, the Multi-Axis Wind Load Simulator, called MAWLS, which is two stories tall and can generate 200 MPH winds. In one test, using relatively low wind speeds (not even Category five winds), MAWLS winds easily collapsed the type of unreinforced concrete walls typical in Puerto Rican construction.

Schein discusses building this wall of fans. His team started by building sample systems to see if they could build an apparatus that could make representative winds, such as down drafts, rotational vortices, and high frequency wind-peaks. After determining they could make it work, the team began building the machine from scratch. They 3-D printed most of the parts, including electronics mounting structures and air foils.

The Powell Lab team is the only one to build such a machine, Schein says. When operating at full capacity, it will consume about a half million watts.

He discusses some of the problems building the wall and details how it works. Schein says it be running in October and ready for research-testing by fall 2019.

In this week’s show, DesignSafe Radio host Dan Zehner talks with newly minted PhD, Barbara Simpson. Simpson discusses her academic path in engineering and what it’s like entering the workplace as a faculty member.

She says building things out of household articles as a kid naturally led to her career choice. She started in architecture, then switched to civil engineering. A pivotal experience for her was participating in the Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program at the University of Illinois — as part of the NSF-funded earthquake engineering initiative called “NEES.” The exposure to earthquake engineering changed her attitude toward academia. She learned about seismic engineering, doing research, and hybrid simulation. She interacted with postdocs and PhD students, wrote a paper and presented at a national conference — in Hawaii.

The hybrid simulation technique combines physical testing and numerical modelling, and researchers often use it when a structure is too large to test. They will physically test a portion of the structure and simulate the rest in a combined fashion that represents the whole system.

She went to UC Berkeley for her master’s degree, and she found earthquake engineering so interesting she decided to stay and earn her PhD. In research, she says, there’s always some new problem that needs to be solved. It is never the same thing twice.

As a graduate student, she focused on testing older types of braced frames, a structural element used to protect against earthquake damage, and saw lots of interesting failures.

Simpson and Zehner discuss the usefulness of modern earthquake-proof provisions, which standardize protective construction features. She wrote her thesis on a kind of braced frame called a strongback, a tie or truss that you put in buildings to prevent weak stories.

As a postdoc, Simpson worked at the NHERI SimCenter, where she created an application that is a learning tool for numerically modeling braced frames. Learning to program is an important aspect of being an engineer, she says. Programming languages are tools that can make research easier and more efficient.

Now on faculty at Oregon State University, she sees that unlike being a PhD student with one cool project to focus on, professors must work on many different things at once. It is harder to choose what to explore, she says. At OSU, the OH Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory presents interesting possibilities for experimentation. She’s interested in control theory, too. She says being a professor is the best job she could ever have: Your research is your choice, she says. Academics have a kind of freedom other careers don’t have.

She encourages new PhDs to apply for jobs, even if the competition is stiff. Even if you don’t get the job, making an application helps you summarize your PhD work and hone your teaching goals, she says. The application cements what you’ve accomplished and helps you figure out where your career is going.