Dialogues in Holocaust Studies and the Second World War

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This book sheds light on the lives, decisions, and experiences of countless Jews who, although not involved in the underground armed resistance, still made significant contributions to the renowned Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. This gripping and dramatic account focuses on the final year of the Warsaw ghetto, from the Great Deportation in the summer of 1942 until the uprising's suppression in mid-1943. Drawing from powerful contemporary testimonies, diaries, and documents—many of which have been previously overlooked—Havi Ben-Sasson Dreifuss illustrates how members of the broader Jewish community struggled to survive, uphold family and community life, and confront impossible moral choices in the face of fear, hunger, and daily violence. The book transcends the narratives of the fighters, presenting a story of devastation, yet also one of resilience and human dignity.

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This book honours the legacies of fifteen young Jewish poets whose lives were tragically cut short—whether through combat, wounds sustained in service, or execution—while fighting for the Red Army during World War II. Each of these individuals was remarkably young, gifted with poetic talent, and thoughtfully woven into the fabric of Soviet life, yet they maintained a meaningful connection to their Jewish heritage and customs. Their verses, crafted primarily in Russian, Yiddish, and Ukrainian, beautifully capture their unique perspectives, the rich literary and cultural landscape of the Soviet Union, and their deeply felt anxieties about the looming Nazi threat. This work compassionately examines their personal journeys, their lived experiences, their creative output, and the sorrowful circumstances of their premature passing. Much like the poignant testimonies of British poets from the First World War, the stories and artistic expressions of these young Jewish poets offer both compelling insight and profound emotional resonance.

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Emanuele Artom (Aosta, 1915–Turin, 1944) was a deeply respected Italian Jewish intellectual and influential voice within the Italian Jewish community who endured the pain of racial persecution and courageously joined the resistance in 1943. His diaries, now thoughtfully made available in English for the first time, offer invaluable insights into Italian Jewry, Fascist antisemitism, and the anti-Fascist resistance movement.

Emanuele Artom's powerful testimony enables us to understand how the resistance represented a vital and transformative pathway for the social and political reintegration of persecuted Jews, who—after experiencing years of painful marginalization—were able to participate meaningfully in a collective struggle dedicated to rebuilding the fabric of society.

Emanuele Artom tragically died following severe torture inflicted by Fascist and Nazi oppressors. His profound legacy continues to resonate among both Jewish and non-Jewish Italians, particularly—though not exclusively—in Turin, the city where he was raised and where he lived most of his life.

Artom's first diary, documenting the period from January 1940 to September 1943, offers rich perspectives on Turin's cultural landscape, the progression and consequences of racial persecution, the tangible and emotional toll of Allied bombings, and the pivotal months between Mussolini's downfall and the beginning of German occupation (July 25–September 8, 1943).

The second diary, extending from November 1943 to February 23, 1944, centers on his journey as a partisan. It presents an honest and unfiltered account of the hardships experienced in partisan life, the divisions within the anti-Fascist movement, social tensions, and gender relations among the groups, as well as the struggles between local communities and resistance fighters.

Moreover, Artom engages in profound reflection on the moral dimensions of resistance and the weight of violence.

As someone deeply committed to both political guidance and education, he recognized the profound importance of rebuilding meaningful social bonds and establishing a compassionate moral foundation. With genuine care for those around him, he dedicated himself to sharing the essential values of liberal democracy with the many fieldworkers—often lacking formal education—who formed the core of the partisan movement.

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This monograph presents a connected group of seven prominent women, ranging from notable figures such as Simone Veil to memory activist Sabine Zlatin, who have played a crucial role in shaping Holocaust memory in France from 1945 to the present. Most of these women initiated their memory work immediately after the war by offering testimonies at trials of perpetrators and during the establishment of memorials.

Over the following decades, their endeavors transformed from individual memory projects into extensive, politically significant initiatives. Through their long-term engagement with Holocaust memory, these seven individuals ensured that the experiences of Jewish women were integrated into the larger narrative of wartime history. In doing so, they purposefully shifted the French discourse on the Holocaust from a concentration on victimhood and resistance to highlighting female agency in the struggle for survival during Nazi occupation.

Together with other activists, these women emerged as political figures, urging the state to address the legacy of French complicity in the deportation of Jews. By utilizing a variety of archival materials, as well as cultural artifacts and oral histories, this study effectively demonstrates why the themes of gender, resistance, and memory remain profoundly relevant in French history.

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Aracy de Carvalho (1908-2011), celebrated as 'Righteous Among the Nations', played a vital role in saving German Jews by supporting their emigration to Brazil during the late 1930s while she was at the Brazilian consulate in Hamburg. One prominent individual she helped was Margarethe Levy (1908-2011), who emigrated to Brazil with her husband shortly after Kristallnacht. In the late 1970s, Levy honored Carvalho posthumously with the title of Righteous from Yad Vashem, as Carvalho had been her lifelong companion. This book primarily narrates the intertwined migrations of these two women between Brazil and Germany, emphasizing the enduring friendship that connected them. It also explores the migratory experiences of a group of German Jews, including Levy, who left Hamburg to create new lives in São Paulo.

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This represents a crucial new addition to Holocaust history, illuminating the lesser-known story of Mischlinge—an offensive term utilized by the Nazis to designate individuals of mixed Jewish and Christian descent, who were subsequently condemned and persecuted as Jews. This moving and dramatic true narrative is conveyed through the viewpoints of two children, the author’s uncle Heinz and her mother Edie.

Heinz (Heini) and Edie Bernstein, a brother and sister, were only nine and five years old when Hitler rose to power. Although they were brought up as Christians in Berlin, they were soon classified as Mischlinge, a German term meaning mongrel—an epithet the Nazis used to legally categorize and belittle individuals. This label instilled terror in these innocent children, with the threat of death looming as they struggled for survival in Berlin. They experienced gradual exclusion from educational and employment opportunities, were interrogated at Gestapo headquarters, imprisoned, tortured, and forced into slave labor.

Sharon was unaware of their remarkable story until she discovered a memoir hidden in a box in her mother’s Norfolk home, untouched for three decades. It contained her uncle Heinz’s firsthand account of events during the Holocaust and World War II, a narrative her mother had never revealed. Edie explained that she had built her joyful life by concentrating on the future rather than the past, but the discovery prompted her to finally share with her daughter. Sharon then embarked on extensive archival research, uncovering that some family members were not as fortunate.

This narrative is both grand and deeply personal, detailing the experiences of an ordinary Berlin family as they navigate significant events of the twentieth century, reminiscent of a more tragic rendition of Forest Gump.

It includes moments from performing at the 1936 Berlin Olympics to the atrocities of Buchenwald and Auschwitz, escape attempts, the death marches, romance in post-war London, the establishment of Israel, and crossing Checkpoint Charlie to experience both sides of the Berlin Wall.

From demonstrating talent at the 1936 Berlin Olympics to facing the horrors of Buchenwald and Auschwitz, through attempts to escape, the death marches, and love in post-war London, the creation of Israel, and moving through Checkpoint Charlie to both sides of the Berlin Wall. This story is both engaging and surprisingly uplifting, filled with themes of resilience and hope, the bond between siblings, the everyday bravery of local individuals and families, as well as the unexpected kindness of strangers.

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This monograph examines Harbin, a Chinese city established by Russians in 1898, which became a melting pot for 38 different ethnic communities for more than 60 years. Notably, the Jewish community stood as the second largest among them. This book sheds light on various elements that shaped the Jewish experience in China, particularly in Harbin, providing a profound perspective on how a Jewish community flourished in a foreign environment while coexisting with other groups. Starting with the unique region of Manchuria that influenced Harbin, it unveils the lively and dynamic existence of a community in search of refuge, yet grappling with unrest and hostility, ultimately prompting them to seek safety elsewhere.

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This book sheds light on the lives, decisions, and experiences of countless Jews who, although not involved in the underground armed resistance, still made significant contributions to the renowned Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. This gripping and dramatic account focuses on the final year of the Warsaw ghetto, from the Great Deportation in the summer of 1942 until the uprising's suppression in mid-1943. Drawing from powerful contemporary testimonies, diaries, and documents—many of which have been previously overlooked—Havi Ben-Sasson Dreifuss illustrates how members of the broader Jewish community struggled to survive, uphold family and community life, and confront impossible moral choices in the face of fear, hunger, and daily violence. The book transcends the narratives of the fighters, presenting a story of devastation, yet also one of resilience and human dignity.

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Across all human cultures, beliefs, superstitions, and stories about luck are prevalent. Our fascination with luck, intertwined with happiness, danger, uncertainty, and aspiration, makes it a captivating yet elusive concept. Different cultures reinterpret luck and seek to control it throughout their histories, and the modern era of the 'long twentieth century' is no different. Although overshadowed by more precise scientific concepts like chance, contingency, probability, or randomness, luck continues to thrive in its chaotic and vibrant form, appearing in our daily conversations and being studied by a diverse range of experts, from philosophers and psychologists to economists and self-help authors. This study aims to delve into the mystery of luck's role in modernity, investigating the various hybrid forms it has adopted in contemporary thought, particularly within modern narratives. By analyzing a diverse and rich array of narratives from literature, film, music, television, and theater – spanning from Dostoevsky to Philip K. Dick, from Pinocchio to Cimino, and from Curtiz to Kieślowski – it outlines the uses and meanings of luck-related language, while also mapping the significant figures, patterns, and motifs that shape the stories told about luck from the late nineteenth century to today.

The final part of this interview is dedicated to Robert Gordon’s earlier work, *Outrageous Fortune: Luck and the Holocaust* (New York: Centro Primo Levi, 2017). In this book, Gordon delves into the literary and philosophical themes surrounding luck, chance, and fortune, tracing their evolution from ancient myths to the writings of Dante, Boccaccio, Machiavelli, and Shakespeare. He investigates how Christian and Renaissance humanist authors redefined Fortuna, which influenced their thought processes and narrative techniques. In the latter sections of the book, Gordon transitions to the 20th century, uncovering fascinating and surprising connections between this literary tradition and the Shoah. He addresses the troubling issue of survival in concentration camps—who lived, why they survived, and what it signifies when Primo Levi often remarked that survival was ultimately a matter of sheer chance.

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This study leverages testimonies, oral histories, and recollections from Jewish, German, and Polish witnesses to construct a comprehensive representation of the Treblinka death camp during its operational years. This narrative disputes the historical belief that Treblinka was a solitary Nazi extermination camp with few witnesses and even fewer survivors. Instead of being the concealed, sanitized site of industrialized murder that Treblinka was designed to be, Jacob Flaws argues that the mass killings were widely recognized by the local townspeople, who were exposed to the sights, sounds, smells, individuals, corpses, and train cars that the camp released into the surrounding area. Through the concept of spatial reality, Flaws depicts the perceptions, fantasies, ideological assumptions, and memories of Treblinka from witnesses both within the camp and from the surrounding towns. To do this, he identifies six key spaces that historically made up Treblinka: the ideological space, the behavioral space, the space of life and death, the interactional space, the sensory space, and the extended space. By examining these spaces, Flaws reveals that there were more witnesses to Treblinka than previously acknowledged, as the transnational groups near and within the camp overlapped and interacted. This work offers a staggering and profound reassessment of the relationship between knowledge and ignorance, prompting us to confront the timely warning that we, in our modern, interconnected world, can all become witnesses.