The oft-heard claim is that Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus within a small African population with an effective size of about 10,000 individuals. What, exactly is an "effective" population size and how is that different from a "census" population size? Strangely, nobody seems to be able to identify that "population" from which we supposedly arose.

Earlier discussion on Africa on BiblicalGenetics.com:

 	Was Africa the Cradle of Humanity?
 	Did Eve live in southern Africa?

Some background reading:

 	Henn et al. 2012. The great human expansion. PNAS 109(44):17758–17764.
 	Ashraf and Lawson. 2022. Genetic drift from the out-of-Africa bottleneck leads to biased estimation of genetic architecture and selection. E J Hum Gen 29:1549–1556.
 	Tournebize et al. 2022. Reconstructing the history of founder events using genome-wide patterns of allele sharing across individuals. PLoS Gen 18(6):e1010243.

Did we evolve from 10,000 people in Africa?

Biblical Genetics is a vlog/podcast by Dr. Robert Carter. His posts explore modern genetics through the lens of biblical history, and vice versa.

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Is the human genome highly functional or mostly junk? This is a question that is not only being asked in the creation-evolution debate; it is a question raging in the ivory tower as well. The 'old guard' is much more likely to resist any claim that large swaths of the genome are useful. The 'young punks' in science is more willing to accept the obvious fact that the genome is highly functional. Who is going to win? In this episode, Dr Rob puts a few more nails in the coffin of junk DNA..

Notes and links:'

 	Carter 2023 What proportion of the human genome is actually functional? And how much variation is tolerable?
 	Chen et al. 2023 A genomic mutational constraint map using variation in 76,156 human genomes
 	Moran 2023 What's in your genomes? 90% of your genome is junk

Junk or genius? How functional is the human genome? Part 2

Is the human genome highly functional or mostly junk? This is a question that is not only being asked in the creation-evolution debate; it is a question raging in the ivory tower as well. The 'old guard' is much more likely to resist any claim that large swaths of the genome are useful. The 'young punks' in science is more willing to accept the obvious fact that the genome is highly functional. Who is going to win? In this episode, Dr Carter highlights four new studies that ratchet the argument toward high function.

Notes and links:'

 	Carter 2023 What proportion of the human genome is actually functional? And how much variation is tolerable?
 	Zhang et al. 2023 FOXP3 recognizes microsatellites and bridges DNA through multimerization
 	Walter 2024 Are non-protein coding RNAs junk or treasure?
 	Stepankiw et al. 2023 The human genome contains over a million autonomous exons
 	Chen et al. 2023 A genomic mutational constraint map using variation in 76,156 human genomes
 	Moran 2023 What's in your genomes? 90% of your genome is junk


DNA – highly functional or mostly junk? Part 1

No, the size of the genome has not changed, but the number of genes we thought it contains certainly has. After lots of double checking, there are fewer known protein coding genes today (~19,000) than there were when the human genome was first published, and even that count (~23,000) was shockingly small, according to the predictions of the world's top geneticists. The nature of the genome has consistently surprised people, but mostly because they applied Darwinian concepts to it. Instead, the genome is a wonderful testimony to the engineering prowess of God, who built something unexpected.

LInks:

 	GeneSweep
 	One-gene-one-enzyme
 	Central dogma of molecular biology
 	Amaral et al. 2014 The status of the human gene catalogue, Nature 622(7981):41-47.
 	What on earth is a ‘gene’? Slicing and dicing the genome
 	The Barrier has been breached: new discoveries are challenging neo-Darwinism

The Incredible Shrinking Human Genome

A slew of videos has recently come out arguing for and against the work of Dr Jeffrey Tomkins, who claims humans and chimps are only about 85% similar. His detractors have made some massive blunders and I attempt to document them here. This is not to gloat, however. I understand that all humans are bigoted, biased, myopic, jealous, envious, etc., including all scientists. So, we'll apply James 3:1 ("Not many of you should presume to be teachers...for know that we will be judged more strictly)  and Philippians 2:3... (Do nothing from selfish ambition or conceit...) to the situation as we outline multiple lapses of logic and analysis that have been done in an attempt to discredit Tomkins' work. To be fair, though, the main person in my crosshairs has admitted to making these mistakes. I am only documenting things for posterity.

Notes and links:

 	James 3:1–2
 	patternsofevidence.com/patterns-plus
 	The 3rd Commandment
 	Dr Jeffrey Tomkins
 	Blast
 	Gutsick Gibbon, A Professional Creationist Agrees with Me: Tomkins Wrong, 30 Dec 2023.
 	Roohif, Jeffrey Tomkins is allergic to controls, 29 Dec 2023. Note: I made several mistakes when describing Roohif's results. First, he was looking at older trace read datasets, not the contig database I (and Gutsick Gibbon, and Tomikins in his 2018 paper) have been working with, so his conclusions about vector, etc., contamination do not apply here. Second, I stated that he only tested a few of the problematic areas, but he actually performed several thorough tests. Third, I also conflated his analysis on non-aligning subsequences in Blast matches with his analysis of the sequences for which Blast failed to find any alignment at all. After being challenged on a few of these points, and upon re-watching the video, paying attention this time (!) I stand corrected. Yet, that was but a small portion of my presentation and I included it almost as supplementary information, trying to cover all bases. In retrospect, I could easily have left it out entirely.
 	Gutsick Gibbon's Blast program on Github: GGBlast
 	Philippians 2:3–11

James 3 vs the anticreationists

Chromosomal recombination is an essential part of the life cycle of all sexually reproducing organisms. Yet, the system is complex, involving hundreds to thousands of proteins and RNAs. It also involves DNA repair pathways, which are themselves incredibly complex. The newest available information on recombination tells us it is mutagenic, meaning that recombination erodes the very places where recombination happens. How did such a system arise by chance? Can we assume the recombination rate has always been the same? What happens when a new allele arises in the protein that controls recombination? What is the mutation burden caused by this important system? Finally, how does this affect the creation-evolution debate?

Links and notes:

 	15 Questions for evolutionists, #8 How did sex originate?
 	Geeking out about DNA damage repair, June 2023.
 	Grey et al. 2018 PRDM9, a driver of the genetic map, PLoS Genet 14(8):e1007479.
 	Altemose et al. 2017 A map of human PRDM9 binding provides evidence for novel behaviors of PRDM9 and other zinc-finger proteins in meiosis, eLife 6:e28383.
 	Robert Carter gets everything wrong?, creation.com, 10 Jul 2021.
 	Hussin et al. 2011 Age-dependent recombination rates in human pedigrees, PloS Genetics 7(9):e1002251.
 	Wang et al. 2012 Genome-wide single-cell analysis of recombination activity and de novo mutation rates in human sperm, Cell 150(2):402–12.
 	African origins and the rise of carnivory, creation.com,19 Dec 2020.
 	Hinch, A.G. et al., The landscape of recombination in African Americans, Nature 476:170–177, 2011.
 	Hinch et al. 2023 Meiotic DNA breaks drive multifaceted mutagenesis in the human germ line, Science 382:eadh2531.

Did we evolve from 10,000 people in Africa?

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