A 17-year-old female underwent an echocardiogram to assess heart function after presenting with chest pain. Results revealed a congenital defect in the papillary muscles. Based on this defect which of the following events is most likely to occur?

a.Aortic valve closing prematurely

b.Regurgitation of blood from the left ventricle through the mitral valve into the left atrium

c.Reduction of blood entering the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve due to its inability to open

d.Ventricles becoming over filled due to the loss of elastic recoil by its papillary muscles.

In this video Dr Matt categorises the main causes of heart failure

In this video, Dr Mike explains how the brain controls our breathing.

In this video, Dr Mike explores why and where the heart muscle differs in thickness.

What are the coronary arteries of the heart?

In this video, Dr Mike explains the role of Afterload in cardiac output and how it can influence certain disease states.

In this video, Dr Mike explains the role of preload in cardiac output.

In this video, Dr Mike explains how osmosis is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane.

In this video, Dr Mike explores the mucosal layer of the GIT and its components, including; epithelia and their types; lamina propria; and the muscularis mucosa.

In this video, Dr Mike explains the anatomical, physiological, and chemical differences between the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) and the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest).