Economics For Business

Austrian economics recognizes change as a constant and provides guidance for adapting to it and managing it. Change is changing for business — it’s faster and more fundamental in the digital age. Austrian economics can help even more as a result of its practical and realist approach to adaptation and continuous adjustment.

Change is a constant. You can think of the market in constant flux, as Mises did, You can think in terms of VUCA — volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. You can think of it in terms of complexity or of absolute uncertainty. However you tune your mind and your business processes, there are always going to be more things that can happen than you can predict or prepare for.

There are some ways to think better about ceaseless change, however. One is to bucket the major themes or corridors of change, to organize your thinking and make some judgments about where and how to act and adapt. By recognizing these multiple types of change, businesses will be better prepared for adaptive action.

Our E4B guest Phil Simon has studied change in the workplace and recently published a new book titled The Nine — about nine tectonic forces that are reshaping business and the workplace where we conduct business. He advises businesses to be alert to the changing nature of change in the digital age.

The people you hire today and the people already working at your firm are not the same people as they were just a couple of years ago. They’ve been through a new, different and challenging experience of working through the Covid-19 pandemic, and they’ve been working with new technologies, in new places (i.e., working remotely) and they’ve been questioning how they relate to work, to their colleagues, and to the firm. Don’t expect them to be unchanged in their mindsets, attitudes, and work practices. The nature of the employment relationship is different today — less formal, less rigid, less standardized. Phil Simon uses the term “empowered employees” — employers must be empathic in understanding their new mental model as it relates to work.

The workplace is no longer a physical space where people congregate to collaborate on work tasks, but a digital space of networked people, machines and software. New software and new machines are evolving all the time in this space, changing our relationship to it and to work. People are not going to go back to the office as the standard method of getting business done. If you want to have a physical space for people to meet in person, it must be reconfigured to support those business activities that can only be done in person, and not just as a standard structure of cubicles, offices and wiring. People must feel that there is more or better productivity to be enjoyed in the physical shared space than can be realized elsewhere.

Phil’s book includes a section on fractions: the idea that firms no longer need full-time access to a necessary business skill — like finance and accounting — via contracting with individuals for 100% of their worktime. New organizational models are emerging that utilize fractional access to these skills as needed. There are fractional CFOs and CMOs and CTOs. There are highly qualified experts available via sharing platforms; they can be both the best at what they do and the best fit for your firm’s need, available for a percentage of their time, not all of it. This thinking about fractional talent and skill utilization is becoming a more integral part of organizational thinking.

Some level of automation is coming to every workplace. It’s approaching with greater speed and intensity today. It’s best to think of automation in terms of outcomes: what needs to get done and can it be done in a more automated fashion? What needs to be produced (Phil cites automated pizza making machines)? What processes are taking up people’s time (Phil cites automation in payment systems)? What jobs can be totally automated (e.g., driving trucks)? What departmental functions can be fully automated (like content moderation at Twitter)? All businesses should be reviewing all their activities at all these levels and asking where automation can eliminate waste, save time and release resources for greater productivity. Whether it’s as simple as calendaring software or as complex as robotic process automation, it’s right to examine every opportunity and find an automated solution.

The rapid adoption of ChatGPT has opened many eyes to the possibilities of getting smart assistance to change and improve the way work is done. ChatGPT can help develop content, make plans, find data, write code, make summaries of libraries of documents, and assist in many many more tasks — as exhibited by the many ChatGPT threads on twitter that are full of new ideas. The great breakthrough of ChatGPT lies in making available the vast majority of available knowledge on virtually all topics in a convenient, conversational way. Businesses are the results of their accumulated, shared and applied knowledge. ChatGPT and similar AI’s amplify knowledge and accelerate learning. Businesses that don’t utilize this availability will fall behind their competitors.

Software and platforms are two parts of the work environment that are changing fast. Whether we work on Zoom or Slack or Teams or Github or Salesforce, we continuously encounter new upgrades and functions as well as new alternatives. There is no alternative to earning the skills to utilize these tools to their greatest productive effect, and to keep our learning updated.

One economic function that is not improving amidst content change is trust. We can’t be sure, sometimes, about the other party we’re talking to or collaborating with, we can’t be sure of trusting data, we can’t be sure that our privacy and property rights are protected. Phil made the prediction that blockchain, as a secure record of all transactions and un-hackable repository of data and information, will play a bigger role in our business future as an arbiter of trust. For example, this may be where our individual health records might reside, which individuals would own, and which they could share and use for their own benefit in navigating the regulated opacity of the healthcare system.

Phil made a reference to “unhealthy analytics”. His point was that we are now in a position to measure more and more human action and human behavior, but that measurement does not necessarily provide insight, and may even give rise to perverse incentives. For example, it’s possible to measure when employees checked in to the office and when they left, but it’s not equally possible to monitor their productivity or motivation. It’s possible to measure the number of hours they spend on Zoom, but a different problem to measure their remote contributions. Analytics have their place, but understanding and empathizing with employees, and carefully constructing their mental models in order to be able to appeal to them and stimulate them, remain subjective, emotionally-based skills which are still a critical component of management.

How do founders, owners, and managers deal with these changes? Phil’s expression is to steer into the skid. Reimagine work, embrace the powerful new technologies that are available, and be willing to experiment — perhaps in ways that others aren’t — to generate the active learning that moves organizations forward. It might be messy, and even feel chaotic, but it’s the right response to tectonic change. Expect some turbulence, while being open to infinite new possibilities.

The Nine: The Tectonic Forces Reshaping the Workplace by Phil Simon: Mises.org/E4B_215_Book

PhilSimon.com — Expertise on workplace collaboration and technology

Phil Simon on LinkedIn: Mises.org/E4B_215_LinkedIn

Entrepreneurship is well-defined in economics, and well-recognized as the engine that drives economic growth. That means people enjoying greater well-being, including but not limited to material prosperity. But economic growth can be uneven. Some countries, some regions, and even some firms do not generate the same levels of economic growth as others. How do we understand this variability? We look for what holds entrepreneurship back.

Greater material prosperity is a valid and worthwhile goal for economic development. But, says Shawn Ritenour, economic development goes beyond that goal: it delivers a greater variety of goods and services that individuals and businesses can use as means to achieve their own diverse ends. The production of this greater variety requires entrepreneurship in the creation of new ideas and the pursuit of new value, and it generates new entrepreneurship by supplying a greater variety of resources to work with in those pursuits.

Economic development is a multifaceted process in which several forms of human action combine in a system for economic prosperity. It’s not instructive to try to isolate financial capital or capital goods or technology or even human capital, and culture and social institutions can’t be ignored. These sources of prosperity must work together in an orderly fashion to generate the necessary synthesis.

The entrepreneur is the one who undertakes production, the one who combines resources to produce a product that meets customers’ needs and enables those customers in their own economic pursuits. Entrepreneurs kick off the cycle. Firms and organizations can act entrepreneurially, but it’s fundamental to understand that individuals — sometimes working in teams or committees — are the ones behind entrepreneurial decision-making. The entrepreneur is not necessarily a single person, but entrepreneurship is always a human action.

Entrepreneurship requires customer knowledge, technical knowledge and financial capital. Customer knowledge includes the empathic understanding of what’s needed for customers to be able to better meet their own needs. In the context of economic development, this knowledge is probably widely available to private entrepreneurs, but it may not be available to governments, whose understanding is distorted by predispositions to develop specific industries or subsidize specific economic sectors, or towards a particular technology. For these reasons, there can be no “entrepreneurial state”. Individuals with their own ideas and their own private property will provide the energy o break economic inertia.

Technical knowledge defines a sufficient understanding of the technology and technological resources to deliver the desired new value to the customer. In under-developed economies, this technical knowledge may be thin, so reinforcing the technical knowledge of entrepreneurs is appropriate, through education, injections of new technology, training, mentoring, or other forms of knowledge transfer.

With the right understanding of customer needs and the command of the right technology, the entrepreneurs involved in the development state will always need financial capital, because production takes time to organize before cash flows in to the firm from customers. In development contexts, entrepreneurs often will not have savings of their own, and there may not be an appropriate institutional infrastructure of local banks and lenders and investors.

Therefore, customer knowledge, technical knowledge and financial capital combine to provide the foundation for entrepreneurial leadership and growth. They’re integrated: it’s important for the sources of financial capital to understand and appreciate the nature of the customer and technical knowledge that is being deployed. Typically, this takes the form of venture capital or private equity.

Entrepreneurship as a skill or capability can not be taught — it requires a special orientation that’s more developed in some individuals and firms than others. But principles, process and tools can be taught, and experienced entrepreneurs and businesspeople who have developed market savvy can share knowledge that they have acquired. Communicating the entrepreneurial mindset and methods in all stages of education will help to create and promote an entrepreneurial community that’s supportive of economic development.

One aspect of learning is to understand the entrepreneurial ethic of sacrifice, that it takes a lot of time and effort and expenditures and extended commitment before business success can be achieved. There’s more hard work than there is magic.

Property rights and sound money may sound like abstract concepts, but they are extremely influential in economic development processes. Property rights mean that entrepreneurs can assemble and go to market with their own resources in whatever way they prefer. Sound money means that entrepreneurs can anticipate a return from their productive activities that’s not eroded away by inflation, and they’re not led into miscalculation by monetary manipulation (e.g., unanticipated escalation of future borrowing costs).

Traditional approaches to economic development favor centrally planned initiatives, government spending, and policies in the form of subsidies or special incentives. They’re not typically market-based approaches. But the right approach is the opposite of policy-making. Instead of trying to design and add new structures, development should be focused on the removal of barriers — on identifying what’s getting in the way of nurturing a rich and robust entrepreneurial culture, and focusing on the removal of those obstacles. Leave the entrepreneurs to identify the specific products and services and businesses that can flourish, and to attract the investment capital that will support those businesses, without the need for “policy”.

The Economics of Prosperity: Rethinking Economic Growth And Development by Shawn Ritenour: Mises.org/E4B_214_Book1

The Economics Of Prosperity (Edward Elgar): Mises.org/E4B_214_Book2

Shawn Ritenour at Mises.org/Ritenour

Shawn Ritenour at Grove City College: Mises.org/E4B_214_Profile