In this episode of EdTechnical, Libby and Owen speak with Rebecca Winthrop, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, where she directs the Center for Universal Education. Rebecca and her team recently ran a ‘pre-mortem’ on generative AI in education: rather than waiting years for the evidence to settle, they conducted a yearlong study on the risks it poses to students, and what we can do now to prevent them while making the most of the benefits.

Drawing on focus groups, a thorough review of studies, and a forecasting panel, the report paints a striking picture: as things stand, the risks of generative AI for children's learning and development outweigh the benefits. Rebecca explains the risks are foundational, undermining the trust, independent thinking, and resilience that children need in order to benefit from AI. A key distinction runs through the conversation: risks tend to come from wide AI use, where children have open-ended, unscaffolded conversations with tools not designed for them, while benefits come from narrow, intentional use integrated into teaching with vetted content.

Bio

Rebecca Winthrop is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and director of its Center for Universal Education, where she leads the Brookings Global Task Force on AI in Education. She advises governments, policymakers and international institutions on education and previously led education work for displaced and conflict-affected communities. She is a co-author of the report A New Direction for Students in an AI World: Prosper, Prepare, Protect.

Links

Research Report by the Brookings Institution’s Center for Universal Education:
A New Direction for Students in an AI World: Prosper, Prepare, Protect

Brookings Institution Center for Universal Education: https://www.brookings.edu/topics/education-2/

Join us on social media: 

• BOLD (@BOLD_insights), Libby Hills (@Libbylhhills) and Owen Henkel (@owen_henkel)
• Listen to all episodes of EdTechnical here: https://bold.expert/ed-technical 
• Subscribe to BOLD’s newsletter: https://bold.expert/newsletter 
• Stay up to date with all the latest research on child development and learning: https://bold.expert

Credits: Sarah Myles for production support; Josie Hills for graphic design; Anabel Altenburg for content production. 

Libby is on maternity leave, so Hermione Thompson steps in to guest co-host this episode alongside Owen. Hermione is AI and EdTech lead at Purposeful Ventures and previously advised on education policy inside the UK Prime Minister’s Office at 10 Downing Street.

Owen and Hermione sit down with Minister Olivia Bailey, the UK Department for Education minister responsible for AI in schools, for a conversation on where AI in education is headed. Bailey believes government should actively shape this space rather than sit back. Through the government's AI Tutoring Tools Pioneer Programme, up to eight companies will be selected to co-design curriculum-aligned AI tutoring tools directly with schools. Trials start this summer, and a national rollout is targeted for 2027, potentially reaching 450,000 disadvantaged pupils a year. 

Bailey says these coming tools are fundamentally different from a generic chatbot that gives children the answers without engagement or challenge. She explains how they are thinking about the tension between personalized AI and managing a classroom of 30 kids who need to study the same topic. The government's approach is to test and learn different approaches to see how children get the learning benefits normally associated with a real-life personal tutor.

Bio

Olivia Bailey is a junior minister at the UK Department for Education, responsible for early years, school food, and digital/AI policy. Before Parliament, she worked in public policy for the Labour Party, advised Keir Starmer as Leader of the Opposition, and worked across think tanks and public opinion research. She now leads the department's AI Tutoring Tools Pioneer Programme and its AI safety standards for schools.

Links

DfE announcement: Edtech and AI companies invited to help build safe AI tutoring tools https://www.gov.uk/government/news/edtech-and-ai-companies-invited-to-help-build-safe-ai-tutoring-tools-for-disadvantaged-pupils

⁠Programme detail via AI.gov.uk: AI Infrastructure for Education https://ai.gov.uk/our-work/education/ 

Schools Week coverage, including union reaction: DfE invites bids from AI tutoring pilot partners https://schoolsweek.co.uk/dfe-invites-bids-from-ai-tutoring-pilot-partners/ 

Join us on social media: 

• BOLD (@BOLD_insights), Libby Hills (@Libbylhhills) and Owen Henkel (@owen_henkel)
• Listen to all episodes of EdTechnical here: https://bold.expert/ed-technical 
• Subscribe to BOLD’s newsletter: https://bold.expert/newsletter 
• Stay up to date with all the latest research on child development and learning: https://bold.expert

Credits: Sarah Myles for production support; Josie Hills for graphic design; Anabel Altenburg for content production. 

This season EdTech founder Libby Hills and AI researcher Owen Henkel continue to speak with leading researchers, practitioners and educators on the EdTechnical podcast series about the cutting edge of AI in education. They will break down complex AI concepts into non-technical insights to better understand what the research says and help educators sift the useful insights from the AI hype.

In the first episode of a new season of EdTechnical, Libby and Owen speak with Sam Gilbert, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London. Sam is one of the leading researchers studying ‘cognitive offloading’, the use of tools and technologies to support thinking and memory.

Are tools like ChatGPT making us cognitively weaker?  Humans have been offloading  for thousands of years in ever-advancing ways: supporting memory through written notes, calculators, GPS, and large language models. There is a difference between losing specific information we've offloaded and losing underlying cognitive abilities. The distinction matters for thinking about AI's impact on learning and education. “We need to build up foundational abilities, and then offloading is very useful after we’ve acquired them”, Sam says.

Sam Gilbert

Sam Gilbert is a Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London (UCL), where he leads the Metacognition and Executive Functions Group. His research focuses on memory, cognitive control, metacognition, and cognitive offloading. He is widely recognised for his work on how people use external tools and technologies to support thinking and memory.

Links

Cognitive Offloading (Risko & Gilbert, 2016): Cognitive Offloading - PubMed 

UCL Metacognition & Executive Functions Group: Metacognition & Executive Functions | UCL Faculty of Brain Sciences

Join us on social media: 

• BOLD (@BOLD_insights), Libby Hills (@Libbylhhills) and Owen Henkel (@owen_henkel)
• Listen to all episodes of EdTechnical here: https://bold.expert/ed-technical 
• Subscribe to BOLD’s newsletter: https://bold.expert/newsletter 
• Stay up to date with all the latest research on child development and learning: https://bold.expert

Credits: Sarah Myles for production support; Josie Hills for graphic design; Anabel Altenburg for content production. 

In this EdTechnical short, Libby and Owen unpack ‘AI agents’ and what they mean for education. Agents are large language models connected to tools and workflows that are allowed to take actions like searching, summarising, and completing multi-step tasks. Recent progress comes from the combination of stronger models and better systems for connecting agents to external tools, enabling more complex and autonomous outputs.

Applying agents to education brings a tension between flexibility and reliability. Agentic systems can be useful for teachers, who operate across varied contexts and need adaptable support. For students, especially in structured learning, too much flexibility can reduce clarity and introduce inconsistency.

This matters because effective learning depends on structure and progression. The value of agents in education depends on how well they are applied to the specific task and learning goal.

Links:

• OpenClaw & Moltbook: The viral story of AI agents building their own Reddit-like social network https://techcrunch.com/2026/01/30/openclaws-ai-assistants-are-now-building-their-own-social-network/ 
• Claude Research Mode: Anthropic's explainer on deep research https://www.anthropic.com/news/research 

Join us on social media: 

• BOLD (@BOLD_insights), Libby Hills (@Libbylhhills) and Owen Henkel (@owen_henkel)
• Listen to all episodes of EdTechnical here: https://bold.expert/ed-technical 
• Subscribe to BOLD’s newsletter: https://bold.expert/newsletter 
• Stay up to date with all the latest research on child development and learning: https://bold.expert

Credits: Sarah Myles for production support; Josie Hills for graphic design; Anabel Altenburg for content production. 

At this year's SXSW EDU, Owen joined a panel on what it takes to make voice AI for assessment work in classrooms.

In this live recording of the session, the panelists untangle how voice AI works, and what testing this technology with kindergartners looks like in rural Georgia. They explain why the distinction between capturing what a student said versus what they meant matters enormously for literacy assessment and why questions of privacy, equity and model bias are not afterthoughts but design requirements.

Where does voice AI genuinely open up new possibilities in education, and where is the evidence still thin? 

The other panelists were Patti Ura, Director of Learning Technology Research at Digital Promise, Amelia Kelly, VP of Data Science at Curriculum Associates and former CTO of Soapbox Labs, and Kristen Hoff, Head of Measurement at Curriculum Associates.

Links:

• Soapbox Labs, now part of Curriculum Associates 
• Digital Promise 
• OpenAI Whisper, the open source speech-to-text model

Join us on social media: 

• BOLD (@BOLD_insights), Libby Hills (@Libbylhhills) and Owen Henkel (@owen_henkel)
• Listen to all episodes of EdTechnical here: https://bold.expert/ed-technical 
• Subscribe to BOLD’s newsletter: https://bold.expert/newsletter 
• Stay up to date with all the latest research on child development and learning: https://bold.expert

Credits: Sarah Myles for production support; Josie Hills for graphic design; Anabel Altenburg for content production. 

In this EdTechnical short, Libby and Owen test a conversational plush toy to understand more about AI-powered toys designed for young children. Recent research from Cambridge shows that preschool-aged children can form rapid emotional connections with social robots like these, even when the responses from the robot are inconsistent.

Children’s experiences with AI toys are shaped by voice and real-time interaction. Could highly responsive, frictionless AI systems in toys influence children’s expectations of human relationships?

Libby and Owen discuss the difference between shared, supervised play and extended solo interaction with the toy, which may be less advisable. As the technology continues to improve, the key challenge becomes how these tools are introduced and used in early childhood environments.

Links:

• BBC Article: AI toys for children misread emotions and respond inappropriately, researchers warn
• Cambridge study on AI toys in early childhood
• AI chatbots and the “empathy gap” in children

Join us on social media: 

• BOLD (@BOLD_insights), Libby Hills (@Libbylhhills) and Owen Henkel (@owen_henkel)
• Listen to all episodes of EdTechnical here: https://bold.expert/ed-technical 
• Subscribe to BOLD’s newsletter: https://bold.expert/newsletter 
• Stay up to date with all the latest research on child development and learning: https://bold.expert

Credits: Sarah Myles for production support; Josie Hills for graphic design; Anabel Altenburg for content production. 

In this episode of EdTechnical, Libby and Owen speak with Panos Ipeirotis, Professor at NYU Stern School of Business, about his experiment using AI to run oral exams in university courses. As generative AI makes it easier for students to outsource written assignments, educators are asking whether traditional take-home assessments still measure real understanding.

Panos introduced AI-mediated oral assessments after noticing a mismatch between high-quality written submissions and weak classroom discussion. In the new system, students answer questions from a voice agent that probes their understanding of the material and their own work.

Panos tells Libby and Owen how the exams work, including an AI “council” of language models that evaluates transcripts and produces detailed feedback. What does this approach reveal about the future of assessment? Could AI make oral exams scalable in higher education, and even improve fairness and grading consistency?

Links:

• Panos Ipeirotis – NYU Stern Faculty Profile
• NYU Professor Uses AI-Run Oral Exams to “Fight Fire with Fire”
• Article: The case for oral assessment in the age of AI

Guest Bio

Panos Ipeirotis is a Professor of Information, Operations and Management Sciences at NYU Stern School of Business. His research focuses on data science, AI, and human-AI collaboration. In addition to his academic work, he experiments with practical applications of AI in education, including new models of assessment that combine oral exams with AI-based evaluation.

Join us on social media: 

• BOLD (@BOLD_insights), Libby Hills (@Libbylhhills) and Owen Henkel (@owen_henkel)
• Listen to all episodes of EdTechnical here: https://bold.expert/ed-technical 
• Subscribe to BOLD’s newsletter: https://bold.expert/newsletter 
• Stay up to date with all the latest research on child development and learning: https://bold.expert

Credits: Sarah Myles for production support; Josie Hills for graphic design; Anabel Altenburg for content production. 

In this EdTechnical Short, Libby and Owen explore how AI might reshape teaching through the lens of the “weakest link” theory from economics. They discuss the possibility of full job replacement, partial task automation, and productivity gains for teachers. Automation often shifts the composition of work rather than eliminating roles, as with bank tellers and radiologists. 

In schools, planning, grading, diagnosing student understanding, classroom management, and relationship-building are tightly interconnected. Automating one component may reallocate time, but complexity is not neatly reduced.

AI can already perform isolated teaching tasks. What happens to the education system when those tasks are embedded in a deeply relational profession?

Links:

• Michael Kremer (1993), The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development
• David Autor (2015), “Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation”

Join us on social media: 

• BOLD (@BOLD_insights), Libby Hills (@Libbylhhills) and Owen Henkel (@owen_henkel)
• Listen to all episodes of EdTechnical here: https://bold.expert/ed-technical 
• Subscribe to BOLD’s newsletter: https://bold.expert/newsletter 
• Stay up to date with all the latest research on child development and learning: https://bold.expert

Credits: Sarah Myles for production support; Josie Hills for graphic design; Anabel Altenburg for content production. 

In this episode of EdTechnical, Libby and Owen speak with Kristyn Sommer, a developmental psychologist and child robot interaction researcher.

Together, they explore how young children learn through imitation, why physical presence matters for learning, and what the so-called robot deficit reveals about engagement, psychological safety, and learning outcomes. Kristyn explains where robots can support learning, where they fall short, and why many assumptions about roboteachers are far ahead of the evidence.

They also discuss the practical realities and the ethics of educational robotics, and why robots are more likely to support teachers than replace them anytime soon.

Links:

• Can a robot teach me that? Children’s ability to imitate robots
• Preschool children overimitate robots, but do so less than they overimitate humans
• When is it right for a robot to be wrong? Children trust a robot over a human in a selective trust task

Bio

Kristyn Sommer is a developmental psychologist and child-robot interaction researcher whose work explores how young children learn from and with social robots. She is a postdoctoral research fellow at Griffith University’s School of Applied Psychology, where she investigates how children’s social, emotional and behavioural engagement with robotic teachers affects learning and development. Her research also examines individual differences in how children relate to and trust robots, and how these insights might inform more supportive, evidence-based uses of educational technology. She is also a Jacobs Foundation Research Fellow focused on foundational work in children’s learning with robot companions.

Join us on social media: 

• BOLD (@BOLD_insights), Libby Hills (@Libbylhhills) and Owen Henkel (@owen_henkel)
• Listen to all episodes of EdTechnical here: https://bold.expert/ed-technical 
• Subscribe to BOLD’s newsletter: https://bold.expert/newsletter 
• Stay up to date with all the latest research on child development and learning: https://bold.expert

Credits: Sarah Myles for production support; Josie Hills for graphic design; Anabel Altenburg for content production. 

In this episode of EdTechnical, Libby and Owen sit down with Dan Meyer: math educator, EdTech innovator, and self-proclaimed “token AI sceptic”. Dan’s rare mix of classroom experience and product design insight gives him a unique perspective on how technology intersects with real classrooms. He shares what the classroom teaches him about student engagement, the challenges teachers face, and why motivation is deeply social - which EdTech can overlook.

They dig into how AI can support creativity and connection, why great math teaching starts with inviting and developing, and where “AI guy” might be missing the point. Plus, Dan reveals the AI project he’s excited about and what it means for teachers. 

Links:

• TeacherTapp survey on teacher AI use 
• EdTechnical’s forecasting competition - deadline 16 December

Bio

Dan Meyer taught secondary maths to students who didn't like secondary maths. He has advocated for better maths instruction on CNN, Good Morning America, Everyday With Rachel Ray, and TED.com. He earned his doctorate from Stanford University in maths education and is the Vice President of Teacher Growth at Amplify where he explores the future of maths, technology, and learning. He has worked with teachers around the world, calls Oakland home, and taught eighth graders there yesterday.

Join us on social media: 

• BOLD (@BOLD_insights), Libby Hills (@Libbylhhills) and Owen Henkel (@owen_henkel)
• Listen to all episodes of EdTechnical here: https://bold.expert/ed-technical 
• Subscribe to BOLD’s newsletter: https://bold.expert/newsletter 
• Stay up to date with all the latest research on child development and learning: https://bold.expert

Credits: Sarah Myles for production support; Josie Hills for graphic design; Anabel Altenburg for content production.