EduAudio

The ancient Indian literature is mostly religious in nature.

The Puranic and Epic literature are considered as history by Indians, but it contains no definite dates for events and kingdoms.

The effort of history writing was shown by a large number of inscriptions, coins, and local chronicles. The principles of history are preserved in the Puranas and Epics.

The Puranas and epics narrate the genealogies of kings and their achievements. But they are not arranged in a chronological order.

The Vedic literature contains mainly the four Vedas i.e. Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvanaveda.

#pilotrun

How and when the civilization came to an end remains uncertain, and no uniform ending need be postulated for a culture so widely distributed.

The decline probably occurred in several stages, perhaps over a century or more: the period between about 2000 and 1750 bce is a reasonable estimation.

#pilotrun

Art and culture tells the story of evolution.Indian architecture is deep rooted in its history,culture and religion.It is a blend of ancient and varied native traditions.

They tell the story from ancient Indus valley civilisation to the British raj.They narrate the story of evolution.

In the second half of the third millenium BCE,one of the earliest civilisation of the world blossomed on the banks of the river Indus.It was thus named as Indus valley civilisation or Harappan civilisation.Harappan because,Harappa was the first excavated site.

The importance of the worship of the Mother Goddess (Sakti) is proved by the discovery of numerous terra-cota figurines.

The worship of Siva is suggested by the discovery of figure of a deity with three faces, with horned head dress, seating cross-legged in a Yogic posture, surrounded by animals like buffalo, rhinoceros, deer, tiger, etc. Two more figures representing Siva have been unearthed also.

#pilotrun

Trade was extensive and apparently well-regulated, providing imported raw materials for use at internal production centres, distributing finished goods throughout the region, and arguably culminating in the establishment of Harappan “colonies” in both Mesopotamia and Badakhshan.

The remarkable uniformity of weights and measures throughout the Indus lands, as well as the development of such presumably civic works as the great granaries, implies a strong degree of political and administrative control over a wide area.

Despite a growing body of archaeological evidence, the social and political structures of the Indus “state” remain objects of conjecture. The apparent craft specialization and localized craft groupings at Mohenjo-daro, along with the great divergence in house types and size, point toward some degree of social stratification.

The contribution of the Harappans is evident from the following public buildings

.a) The Great Bath: It is one of the largest public buildings at Mohenjodaro. It measured twelve metres long, seven metres broad and 2.5 metres deep.

b) Granaries: Evidence of several granaries, massive buildings with solid brick foundations and sockets for wooden superstructures have been found in excavations of Harappa, Mohenjodaro, and Rakhigarhi.

All the granaries were built close to the river bank so that with the help of boats, grains could be easily transported.

#pilotrun

One of the greatest cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, Hrappa emerged around 2600 BC along the river valleys of modern-day Sindh and Punjab

The following features were part of Harappan towns:

• Proper urban planning with well laid out roads, streets were designed in a grid-pattern layout and drainage system

• Harappa had a citadel situated on mud-brick platforms.

• Harappan towns were known for the lack of stone buildings, instead their urban centres were built using burnt bricks as the standard material

• Underground drainage system was covered with stone slabs or bricks

#pilotrun

The Indus Valley Civilization was established around 3300 BC. It flourished between 2600 BC and 1900 BC that is Mature Indus Valley Civilization.

It started declining around 1900 BC and disappeared around 1400 BC. This is also called Harappan Civilization after the first city to be excavated, Harappa in present day Punjab, Pakistan.

#pilotrun

Indian History is as old as the History of Mankind. Artifacts dating back to as much as 500, 000 years have been found. India's history and culture is ancient and dynamic, spanning back to the beginning of human civilization. Beginning with a mysterious culture along the Indus River and in farming communities in the southern lands of India.

The history of India is one punctuated by constant integration with migrating peoples and with the diverse cultures that surround India. Placed in the center of Asia, history in India is a crossroads of cultures from China to Europe, and the most significant Asian connection with the cultures of Africa.

India's history is more than just a set of unique developments in a definable process; it is, in many ways, a microcosm of human history itself, a diversity of cultures all impinging on a great people and being reforged into new, syncretic forms.

#pilotrun