This episode covers Descartes's Second Meditation within his Meditations on First Philosophy.  Here Descartes introduces his infamous idea, 'I think, therefore I am'.

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Art Attribution: Frans Hals  - André Hatala [e.a.] (1997) De eeuw van Rembrandt, Bruxelles: Crédit communal de Belgique, ISBN 2-908388-32-4.

For this episode a discussion of self-defense with emphasis given to the ideas of proportionality and aggression.

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Image Attribution: By Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-00504 / CC-BY-SA 3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5478932

Descartes first meditation from his Meditations on First Philosophy kicks off the Summer Series.  Listen in the find out how Descartes demolishes all of his beliefs in order to begin the search for a foundation for anything that he can know with absolute undoubtable certainty.

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Art Attribution: Frans Hals  - André Hatala [e.a.] (1997) De eeuw van Rembrandt, Bruxelles: Crédit communal de Belgique, ISBN 2-908388-32-4.

Listen in to find out details about the Descartes Summer Series.

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Art Attribution: Frans Hals  - André Hatala [e.a.] (1997) De eeuw van Rembrandt, Bruxelles: Crédit communal de Belgique, ISBN 2-908388-32-4.

Join in for this part two of a discussion about Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America.  Special focus will be given the the greatest threats to democracy that Tocqueville sees and how he thinks the idea of enlightened self interest can be used to confront them.

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Image Attribution: Image Attribution: By Théodore Chassériau - [1], Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87145391

Alexis de Tocqueville is most well known for his phrase, 'the tyranny of the majority'.  Listen in to learn more about Tocqueville's thoughts about Democracy in America that he formed after his journey to the United States in the early 1830's.  

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Image Attribution: By Théodore Chassériau - [1], Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87145391

This episode of the egg timer takes a look at the possibility of offering a comprehensive economic view without an ethical foundation.  Those prospects are not good.

Image Attribution: By Foto: Jonn Leffmann, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=81842350

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A hundred episodes of the egg timer later, but are numbers even real?  

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Image Attribution: By Alex1011 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1013851

Listen in the learn more about the late nineteenth century philosopher and historian Peter Kropotkin.  Kropotkin was a communist and anarchist.  He argued that mutual aid, not competition, defined the evolution of species, including that of human beings.  

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Image Attribution: By Nadar - NYPL, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7604176

This episode of the egg timer reviews the topic of religious liberties and toleration within political communities.  Special focus is given to the tension between the state as a being understood as a supreme authority with the belief by many that actually this is false and God, not the state, is the supreme authority. 

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