Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a sovereign unitary country located in southwestern Europe, whose territory lies in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula and in archipelagos in the North Atlantic. The Portuguese territory has a total area of 92 090 km², being delimited to the north and east by Spain and to the south and west by the Atlantic Ocean, comprising a continental part and two autonomous regions: the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira. Portugal is the westernmost nation on the European continent. The country's name comes from its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin-Celtic name was Portus Cale.
The territory within the current borders of the Portuguese Republic has been continuously populated since prehistoric times: occupied by Lusitans and Celts, such as the Galicians, it was integrated into the Roman Republic and later annexed by Germanic peoples, such as the Suevi and the Visigoths. In the eighth century, the lands were conquered by the Moors. During the Christian Reconquest, the Portucalense County was formed, established in the ninth century by Vímara Peres, a vassal of the king of Asturias.The county became part of the Kingdom of Leon in 1097, and the counts of Portugal established themselves as independent rulers of the kingdom in the 12th century, following the Battle of São Mamede. In 1139 the Kingdom of Portugal was established, whose independence was recognized in 1143. In 1297 the borders were defined in the Alcanizes treaty, making Portugal the oldest nation-state in Europe with defined borders. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as a result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded western influence and established an empire that included possessions in Africa, Asia, Oceania and South America, becoming a strong economic power , becoming one of the most important political and military assests in the world. The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history and also the most enduring of the European colonial empires, spanning nearly 600 years of existence, from the conquest of Ceuta in 1415, to the transfer of sovereignty from Macau to the China in 1999. However, the country's international importance was greatly reduced during the 19th century, especially after the independence of Brazil, its largest colony.
With the Revolution of 1910, the monarchy was abolished, counting between 1139 and 1910, with 34 monarchs. The First Portuguese Republic was very unstable, due to high parliamentarism. The regime gave way to the military dictatorship due to an uprising on May 28, 1926. In 1933, a new authoritarian regime, the Estado Novo, presided over by Salazar until 1968, managed the country until April 25, 1974. Representative democracy was established after the Carnation Revolution, in 1974, which ended the Portuguese Colonial War. The overseas provinces of Portugal became independent, the most prominent being Angola and Mozambique.
Portugal is a developed country, with a Human Development Index considered to be very high. The country was ranked 19th in quality of life (in 2005), it has one of the best health systems on the planet and is also one of the most globalized and peaceful nations in the world. It is a member of the United Nations, the European Union (including the Eurozone and the Schengen Area), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Community of the Portuguese Language Countries. Portugal also participates in several United Nations peacekeeping missions.---
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