How does space power fit into German defence thinking, and has this changed since German Chancellor Olaf Scholz called for a 'Zeitenwende' in 2022?

When Chancellor Scholz addressed the nation shortly after the large-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, a fundamental reconfiguring of Germany's defence policy and budget was promised. The word Zeitenwende ('turning point') usually refers to the shift from one era to another, but two years on from his speech, much remains business-as-usual.

Joining us to discuss German defence in the space domain is Antje Nötzold, Assistant Professor at Chemnitz University of Technology and Associate Fellow at the Centre for Advanced Security, Strategic and Integration Studies at the University of Bonn. We analyse the country's sovereign capabilities and ambitions for space power.