Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the different types of influenza viruses and also how to differentiate between influenza, common cold & Covid-19. He will also discuss why rather than calling it 'flu season', it should be referred to as 'the majority of the year flu season'.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the history, symptoms & exam findings in acute bronchitis. He will also discuss the differential diagnosis & management of bronchitis. Finally, he will discuss why cough can last up to 3-4 weeks in acute bronchitis.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the frequency of respiratory tract infections in children and the management of acute cough in children. He will also discuss the respiratory tract infection leaflet available on antibioticprescribing.ie.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the causes & symptoms of Bronchiolitis. He will also discuss the differential diagnosis of bronchiolitis, the risk factors for more severe bronchiolitis and when hospital referral is required.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the following with regard to community acquired pneumonia in children:

• Majority of pneumonia in children are caused by viruses
• Absence of Tachypnea makes pneumonia unlikely in children
• Distinguish between bacterial & viral pneumonia and the risk factors associated with bacterial pneumonia
• Management of child who does not require hospitalisation
• Indication for hospitalisation referral in both children < 1 year of age & > 1 year of age

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the definition, the assessment of severity and the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss when patients with chronic kidney disease should be referred to nephrology. He will also do a recap on his previous podcasts on CKD. 

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the four main risks associated with stage 3 CKD (eGFR 45-60 ml/min). These risks include cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, medication toxicity & progression. 

In this podcast on chronic kidney disease, Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the introduction of both ACE & SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with raised A:C ratios. 

 Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the definition of Chronic Kidney Disease and whether a low eGFR is a disease of itself or a risk factor for end-stage renal disease. He will also discuss what to do with an incidental finding of an eGFR of < 60 ml/min or an A:C ratio > 3.