This episode introduces the discipline of ethnohistory, a method combining anthropology and history, to recover Indigenous perspectives and understand the cultural complexity and sophistication of Native societies in the face of European colonization. With an understanding of how we are going to engage with the historical materials, we will begin to consider early encounters between Native Americans and European colonizers from a North American and Atlantic perspective, emphasizing that these interactions were shaped by mutual curiosity, cultural misunderstanding, and violence. It highlights that neither side came to these meetings with fixed ideas of the "other," but both attempted to interpret and fit new people into their existing worldviews—Europeans often through a lens of assumed superiority, and Native Americans through spiritual and ethnocentric frameworks.